Understanding the cascading effects of vegetation greening on the hydrological cycle is important in integrated watershed management to address contemporary water resources issues in the context of land-use/land-cover change and climate change (Hao et al., 2015;Sun et al., 2006;. However, the interactions among climate, vegetation, and water are highly complex, and significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the influence of forest on water yield under a changing climate (IUFRO, 2018), especially at a large scale (Schwarzer, 2021).Afforestation is the dominant driver of vegetation greening in many regions of the world (Chen et al., 2019), particularly in East Asia and Europe (Buitenwerf et al., 2018;FAO, 2020). However, the main intentions of afforestation are to increase carbon storage and reduce soil erosion while water is rarely considered to be a priority in forest management (IUFRO, 2018). Guiding principles on water-centered forest management have been developed only recently (FAO, 2021). Concerns have emerged from reports that afforestation programs with a sole focus on promoting carbon sequestration (