Effects of various ginsenosides and ginseng root and ginseng berry on the activity of Pancreatic lipase

Abstract

Although ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd and ginseng extracts are shown to inhibit pancreatic lipase (PL) activity, the effects of the other ginsenosides, particularly the deglycosylated ones that are considered to show stronger biological activities than the glycosylated forms, are not clear. In this study, we observed the effects of various ginsenosides on PL activity. Results showed that the effects vary with each individual ginsenoside. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, Rg1, Rg3, and compound K significantly suppressed 43, 47, 75, and 55% of PL activity at the concentration of 100 μg/mL, respectively. Rg3 was discovered to be the most effective among various common ginsenosides, with a minimum effective concentration of 6.25 μg/mL. Ginsenosides F2 and Rf slightly enhanced PL activity. In addition, fermentation markedly enhanced the inhibitory effect of the ginseng root and ginseng berry, which might be attributed to the changes of ginsenoside profiles.

The hydrolysis of saponin-rich extracts from fenugreek and quinoa improves their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity and hypocholesterolemic effect

“…These authors demonstrated that the transformed compound exhibited a 30% increase in pancreatic lipase inhibition compared to the former saponins. The enhanced lipase inhibition caused by deglycosylation has also been confirmed for ginsenosides Rg3 and cK, both of which are triterpenoid glucosides with a single glucose moiety attached (Li & Ji, 2017). Other authors have evidenced the lipase inhibition of two dammarane-type triterpenoids derived from the acid hydrolysate of Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins, but the bioactivity of the latter ones was not assessed (Bai et al, 2010).…”

A Synergistic Anti-Diabetic Effect by Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 through Adipogenic and Insulin Signaling Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells

“…The biological activities of ginseng have been largely attributed to ginsenosides produced by different processing methods and/or biotransformation by human intestinal bacteria [16,17,24]. Although Rb1 is the most abundant ginsenoside in ginseng root and white ginseng, red ginseng produced by a steaming process substantially increases the concentration of Rg3, which is also known to be produced by human intestinal bacteria from Rb1 [22][23][24]. Several studies have therefore been aimed at converting ginsenoside Rb1 to Rg3 by various methods, including steaming, fermentation, or acidic and enzymatic treatments [15,46].…”

“…Red ginseng is known to have a distinct ginsenoside profile compared to white and raw ginseng in the content and composition of ginsenosides [18][19][20]. In particular, red ginseng is shown to be rich in ginsenoside Rg3, which is significantly increased during the steaming process, whereas ginsenoside Rb1, the most abundant ginsenoside in ginseng root, is relatively reduced in steamed red ginseng [15,[20][21][22][23]. Recent studies have shown that ginsenoside Rb1 is deglycosylated by human intestinal bacteria or digestive enzymes and is converted to a minor metabolite form, Rg3 [24,25].…”

Inhibitory Effects of Saponin-Rich Extracts from Pouteria cambodiana against Digestive Enzymes α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase

“…The modified compound demonstrated a significant 30% enhancement in its ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase when compared to the previous saponins. The deglycosylation of triterpenoid glucosides, which involves the removal of a single glucose moiety, has been found to result in an increased inhibition of lipase activity [42]. In a study conducted by Navarro del Hierro et al [43], it was demonstrated that a quinoa extract displayed the highest IC50 value (1.15 ± 0.15 mg/mL), which was found to be significantly greater (p = 0.001) than the IC50 value of the hydrolysed quinoa extract (0.74 ± 0.09 mg/mL).…”

“…a single glucose moiety, has been found to result in an increased inhibition of lipase activity [42]. In a study conducted by Navarro del Hierro et al [43], it was demonstrated that a quinoa extract displayed the highest IC50 value (1.15 ± 0.15 mg/mL), which was found to be significantly greater (p = 0.001) than the IC50 value of the hydrolysed quinoa extract (0.74 ± 0.09 mg/mL).…”