Effects of vaginally-administered oestriol on post-menopausal urogenital disorders: a cytohormonal study

Development and validation of a computerized cytomorphometric method to assess the maturation of vaginal epithelial cells

“…The vaginal smear provides an accurate estimate of the proliferative state of the vaginal epithelium. The effect of treatment for postmenopausal vaginal atrophy may be accurately monitored by evaluating subsequent vaginal smears (5).…”

Local Oestrogen Replacement for Local Symptoms in Older Community Dwelling Women

“…In contrast, LORT makes little apprecia 10 Fonda Local Oestrogen Replacement for Older Women ble difference to blood levels which do not rise above postmenopausal levels [20], Hence the logic for local therapy for local symptoms. The vaginal epithelium is sensitive to LORT such that histological changes are seen within days with substantial recovery seen by about 2 weeks [4,20]. After an initial short burst of increased absorption, a steady state is reached such that blood oestradiol levels re main essentially unchanged at the low post menopausal levels.…”

“…The benefits of local oestrogen replace ment therapy (LORT) in improving symp toms due to atrophic vaginitis and some of the irritative urinary symptoms such as dysuria, frequency and nocturia, are well de scribed [3][4][5]. However, there may well be a significant placebo effect in this benefit [6], Whilst vaginal pH, glycogen and local flora is normalized, the role of LORT is less clear for treatment of recurrent urinary tract infec tions with conflicting outcomes from two re cent controlled studies in postmenopausal women [7,8], Adequate data is not available for elderly women.…”

Low-Dose Estrogen in Urogenital Ageing

“…It has been well documented in many studies that estrogens effectively alleviate the symptoms and reverse the atrophic changes [1,2,7], Recurrent lower urinary tract infections are a frequent occur rence in postmenopausal women [10]. Several studies indicate that frequent recurrent uri nary tract infections in elderly women with vaginal atrophy can be prevented by estrogen treatment restoring the function in actual tis sue structures [11,12], Estrogens may be effective in the treatment of women with stress incontinence by increasing the urethral resistance.…”

“…Several studies have reported estrogen-induced growth on vaginal and ure thral epithelium in postmenopausal women [6]. It is today well accepted that atrophyinduced genital symptoms are improved or cured by estrogen treatment [7], The thera peutic effect of estrogens given to women with lower urinary tract dysfunction, however, is still debated. …”