Effects of Vaginal Birth versus Caesarean Section Birth with General Anesthesia on Blood Gases and Brain Energy Metabolism in Neonatal Rats

Vaillancourt, Cathy; Berger, Neil; Boksa, Patricia

doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7201

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This parallels reports of increased mild respiratory distress (respiratory distress syndrome II) in C-sectioned human neonates (Hales et al 1993). By contrast, rat pups undergoing a short period of global anoxia during C-section birth show rapid compensatory respiratory adaptation by 30 sec after the anoxic episode and no further signs of respiratory distress during the first 24 h of life (El-Khodor and Boksa 1997; Vaillancourt et al 1999;Berger et al 2000b). In the present study, the different behavioral profiles among guinea pigs from various birth groups also likely relate to differential severity and time course of perinatal hypoxia, differential vulnerability of various brain regions to perinatal hypoxic insult, and differential recruitment of hormonal and other compensatory mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…C-sectioned rats also show long term increases in DA-D1 receptors and altered stress-induced regulation of D3 and D4 receptors (El-Khodor and Boksa, submitted). In this model, C-section birth appears to produce very low grade respiratory alterations and CNS hypoxia during the first day of life (El-Khodor and Boksa 1997;Vaillancourt et al 1999), similar to the reported increased incidence of mild respiratory distress in humans born by C-section (Hales et al 1993). …”

supporting

confidence: 77%

“…In C-sectioned rats, systemic oxygenation and brain energy stores are well-maintained at birth, but later during the first 24 h of life, respiratory rates are altered and brain lactate slightly increased (El-Khodor and Boksa 1997; Vaillancourt et al 1999). Thus, very low grade but prolonged hypoxia after C-section birth could contribute to later CNS changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a rat model of global hypoxia during Caesarean section (C-section) birth, several laboratories have demonstrated that dopaminergic systems are sensitive to mild birth alterations (Bjelke et al 1991;Loidl et al 1994;Chen et al 1995Chen et al , 1997 Brake et al 1997a,b; Boksa 1997, 1998;Vaillancourt and Boksa 1998; Berger et al 2000a). Specifically, as adults, rats born by C-section, either with or without addition of a period of global hypoxia, show increased nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) release in response to repeated stress (Brake et al 1997b) Vaillancourt et al 1999), similar to the reported increased incidence of mild respiratory distress in humans born by C-section (Hales et al 1993). …”

Section: Schizophrenia Is Associated With Increased Birth Complicatiomentioning

confidence: 96%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Birth Insult Alters Dopamine-Mediated Behavior in a Precocial Species, the Guinea Pig Implications for Schizophrenia

Vaillancourt

Boksa

2000

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Schizophrenia is associated with increased birth complications, suggesting that birth complications might alter CNS dopaminergic activity later in life. In rats, Caesarean section (C-section) birth can produce long term changes in dopaminergic biochemistry and behavior. However rat brain is somewhat immature compared to human brain at birth. The current study tested if mild birth complications also alter dopamine-mediated function in a species with a more mature CNS at birth, the guinea pig. As adults, guinea pigs born by C-section showed increased amphetamine-induced locomotion and disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle, compared to vaginally born controls. Guinea pigs born by C-section withThere is considerable evidence that enhanced mesolimbic dopaminergic activity plays an important role in some of the symptomatology of schizophrenia (e.g., Laruelle et al. 1996Laruelle et al. , 1999Breier et al. 1997; AbiDargham et al. 1998; see reviews by Seeman 1992; Lieberman et al. 1997). In addition, a large number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated that perinatal complications, often involving fetal or neonatal hypoxia, are associated with increased risk for the development of schizophrenia (e.g., Geddes and Lawrie 1995;Jones et al. 1998;Dalman et al. 1999;Hultman et al. 1999;Zornberg et al. 2000; see review by McNeil 1995).Animal modelling provides the opportunity to directly test if a birth complication, such as hypoxia, can cause long term changes in dopaminergic function. Using a rat model of global hypoxia during Caesarean section (C-section) birth, several laboratories have demonstrated that dopaminergic systems are sensitive to mild birth alterations (Bjelke et al. 1991;Loidl et al. 1994;Chen et al. 1995Chen et al. , 1997 Brake et al. 1997a,b; Boksa 1997, 1998;Vaillancourt and Boksa 1998; Berger et al. 2000a). Specifically, as adults, rats born by C-section, either with or without addition of a period of global hypoxia, show increased nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) release in response to repeated stress (Brake et al. 1997b) Vaillancourt et al. 1999), similar to the reported increased incidence of mild respiratory distress in humans born by C-section (Hales et al. 1993).In relation to the possible clinical relevance of these results, rat brain is generally believed to be somewhat less mature at birth than is the brain of the human newborn. It has been suggested that, at approximately postnatal day 10, the brain of the rat is at the stage of rapid growth, accelerated synaptogenesis, myelinization, and astrocyte proliferation characteristic of the human newborn at term (see review by Romijn et al. 1991). Thus, the model of birth insult in the rat may relate more to premature than to term human brain. To circumvent this limitation, we initiated the current studies to test if mild birth complications also alter DA mediated function in a species with a more mature CNS at birth. The guinea pig is a precocial species, that is, capable of a high degree of independent activity at birth....

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

supporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Schizophrenia Is Associated With Increased Birth Complicatiomentioning

confidence: 96%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Birth Insult Alters Dopamine-Mediated Behavior in a Precocial Species, the Guinea Pig Implications for Schizophrenia

Vaillancourt

Boksa

2000

Neuropsychopharmacology

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“…In the rat model used, both C-section birth and C-section with added global anoxia appear to produce perinatal hypoxia but with two distinct profiles. C-section birth produces respiratory alterations and very low grade CNS hypoxia during the first 24 h of life in the rat (El-Khodor and Boksa 1997;Vaillancourt et al 1999), similar to the reported increased incidence of mild respiratory distress in humans born by C-section (Hales et al 1993).…”

supporting

confidence: 71%

Caesarean Section Birth Produces Long Term Changes in Dopamine D1 Receptors and in Stress-induced Regulation of D3 and D4 Receptors in the Rat Brain

El-Khodor

Boksa

2001

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Ontogeny of altered dendritic morphology in the rat prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens following Cesarean delivery and birth anoxia

Juárez

Gratton

Flores

2008

J of Comparative Neurology

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We used a delayed Cesarean birth model and the Golgi-Cox staining method to investigate the effects of perinatal anoxia on prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal (CA1) pyramidal neurons as well as nucleus accumbens (NAcc) medium spiny neurons. Dendritic morphology in these regions was studied on postnatal days (P) 2, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 70 in male Sprague-Dawley rats born either vaginally (VAG) or by Cesarean section either with (C + anoxia) or without (C-only) anoxia. The most striking birth group differences seen were at the level of dendritic spine densities on P35. During this postnatal period the dendritic spine density of PFC neurons was significantly lower in C + anoxia and C-only animals than in VAG controls; however, by P70 PFC spine densities in all birth groups were comparable. In contrast, hippocampal spine densities on P35 were comparably greater in C + anoxia animals than in VAG controls, whereas in C-only animals spine densities were lower than controls; here again, by P70 all groups had comparable hippocampal spine densities. In NAcc greater spine densities were seen on medium spiny neurons of C + anoxia animals on P35. These findings provide evidence that perinatal insult in the form of Cesarean birth with or without anoxia alters the dendritic development of PFC and hippocampal pyramidal neurons and to some extent also of NAcc medium spiny neurons. They also suggest that perinatal anoxia can alter the neuronal development of key structures thought to be affected in such late-onset dopamine-related disorders as schizophrenia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

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Effects of Vaginal Birth versus Caesarean Section Birth with General Anesthesia on Blood Gases and Brain Energy Metabolism in Neonatal Rats

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

Birth Insult Alters Dopamine-Mediated Behavior in a Precocial Species, the Guinea Pig Implications for Schizophrenia

Birth Insult Alters Dopamine-Mediated Behavior in a Precocial Species, the Guinea Pig Implications for Schizophrenia

Caesarean Section Birth Produces Long Term Changes in Dopamine D1 Receptors and in Stress-induced Regulation of D3 and D4 Receptors in the Rat Brain

Ontogeny of altered dendritic morphology in the rat prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens following Cesarean delivery and birth anoxia

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