Effects of vaccination timing against respiratory pathogens on performance, antibody response, and health in feedlot cattle1

Abstract

Angus × Hereford calves (n = 159; 87 heifers and 72 steers) were ranked by sex, BW, and age, and assigned to one of three vaccination schemes against bovine respiratory disease (BRD): (i) vaccination at weaning (day 0) and revaccination at feedyard arrival (day 30; CON, n = 53), (ii) vaccination 15 d before weaning (day −15) and revaccination 15 d before feedyard arrival (day 15; EARLY, n = 53), and (iii) vaccination 15 d after weaning (day 15) and revaccination 15 d after feedyard arrival (day 45; DELAYED, n = 53). Calves were maintained on pasture from days −15 to 29, transported (day 30) for 480 km to a commercial growing feedyard, and moved (day 180) to an adjacent finishing yard where they remained until slaughter (day 306). Calf BW was recorded on two consecutive days (days −15, −14, 0, 1, 29, 30, 75, 76, 179, and 180), which were averaged for BW gain calculation. Calves were assessed for BRD signs daily from days 0 to 306. Blood samples were collected on days −15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.49) for BW responses and carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.32). Serum titers against bovine viral diarrhea type 1 were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED from days 15 to 45, and greater (P < 0.01) in CON vs. DELAYED on days 30 and 45. Serum titers against bovine herpesvirus-1 were greater (P < 0.01) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED on days 0 and 30, and greater (P < 0.01) in EARLY and CON vs. DELAYED on days 15 and 45. Serum titers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus were greater (P = 0.05) in EARLY vs. CON on day 0, greater (P = 0.04) in CON vs. DELAYED on day 15, and greater (P ≤ 0.03) in EARLY and CON vs. DELAYED from days 30 to 60. Serum titers against parainfluenza3 virus were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in EARLY vs. DELAYED on days 30 and 45, and greater (P < 0.01) in CON vs. DELAYED on day 30. Incidence of BRD was less (P = 0.04) in EARLY vs. CON and DELAYED, and similar (P = 0.99) between CON and DELAYED. Therefore, altering the time of vaccination and revaccination against BRD to provide both doses prior to feedlot entry altered serum antibody responses to BRD pathogens, and alleviated the incidence of this disease in feedlot cattle.

Administering an Appeasing Substance to Improve Performance, Neuroendocrine Stress Response, and Health of Ruminants

“…According to the aforementioned inflammatory cascade, BAS-administered beef steers had a reduced mean hair cortisol 14 days post-weaning compared with the non-treated group ( Figure 1 ) [ 80 ] as well as reduced mean haptoglobin concentration during the post-weaning period ( Table 2 ) [ 78 , 80 ]. Stress also affects the efficacy by which a specific vaccine is able to induce an inflammatory response and the body to mount an effective and robust immunological memory [ 1 , 81 ]. Then, it would be feasible to speculate that an alleviated neuroendocrine stress response post-BAS administration could improve the efficacy of a specific vaccine.…”

“…Under a production setting, these stressful situations might occur over a 24–48 h period, stimulating a neuroendocrine stress response at feedlot entry. Moreover, it is not surprising that BRD incidence is elevated in the beginning of the feedlot period (14–21 days), as the immune system is suppressed and BRD pathogens are able to establish the disease [ 76 , 81 ]. Therefore, BAS administration may be an alternative to alleviate these neuroendocrine responses.…”

The Bacterial and Viral Agents of BRDC: Immune Evasion and Vaccine Developments

“…Due to beef calves arriving at feedlots being considered high-risk for BRDC, investigations into delaying or bringing forward vaccination protocols have been performed. Overall, the evidence suggests that delaying vaccination in high-risk cattle is no more beneficial than vaccination on arrival [164][165][166], suggesting vaccination prior to arrival confers better protection [167]. Altering vaccination time avoids inoculation of animals when they may be experiencing stress-induced immunosuppression which may hinder the generation of a protective immune response.…”

Effect of Vaccination Against Ibr/Bvd on The Reproductive Performances of Brava Dos Açores -A Bovine Lidia Breed

“…Up to now, there are no conclusive studies on the efficiency of vaccination against IBR/BVDV in the prevention of reproductive losses caused by these diseases in cattle. In addition, there is an evident concern that BVDV modified live vaccines may cause fetal losses, so decision-making on whether or not vaccination should be carried out is an important dilemma for practicing veterinarians working in the field [25]. Routinely, vaccination is commonly used to control of BHV1 and BVDV.…”