Effects of vaccination against brucellosis and clostridia on the intake, performance, feeding behavior, blood parameters, and immune responses of dairy heifers calves

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify possible effects of different vaccination strategies (concomitantly or not) against brucellosis and clostridia on intake, performance, feeding behavior, blood parameters, and immune responses of dairy heifers calves. Fifty heifers calves were enrolled [38 Gyr (Zebu, Bos taurus indicus) and 12 5/8 Holstein x Gyr]. At 120 days of age, animals were randomly distributed among three groups: B (n = 18), vaccinated against brucellosis; C (n = 14), vaccinated against clostridia and CB (n = 18), vaccinated concomitantly for both. Rectal (RT) and thermographic temperatures were evaluated on days -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7,10, 14, and 28 relatives to the vaccination day. Feed and water intake, body weight (BW) and feeding behavior were monitored daily by an electronic feeding system. Blood was sampled on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28, relative to the vaccination day for determination of glucose (GLC) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations. Blood sampled on day 0 (pre-vaccination) and on day 28 and 42 were used to evaluate the immune response against Brucella abortus and clostridia. There was an increase in rectal temperature between the first and the third day post-vaccination in the three groups. The thermography revealed an increase of local temperature for seven days on groups B and CB. Group C had increased local temperature for a longer period, lasting for up to 14 d. Dry mater intake was reduced for groups B and CB, but no alteration was observed for group C. No alterations regarding initial BW, final BW, average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed efficiency were observed. No differences were observed for the three vaccination groups for blood parameters throughout the evaluation period. The concomitant vaccination against brucellosis and clostridia led to lower neutralizing antibody titers against epsilon toxin of C. perfringens and botulinum toxin type C of C. botulinum (C > CB > B). When cellular proliferation assay and serological tests to B. abortus were evaluated, no differences were observed between groups B and CB. The present results indicate that the concomitant vaccination against brucellosis and clostridia has no relevant impact on the intake, performance, and feeding behavior of dairy calves. However, the concomitant vaccination of vaccines against these two pathogens impacts animal immunity against clostridial infections.

Literature Review on Technological Applications to Monitor and Evaluate Calves’ Health and Welfare

“…An accurate but more invasive measure of core body temperature could be accomplished with temperature microchip implants, although its accuracy differed with the implant site [ 95 ]. IRT showed promising results in evaluating vaccination’s safety and local effects in calves [ 96 ]. However, more studies are needed to corroborate these results, as it is the first study using IRT to evaluate the vaccination’s local effect on calves.…”