Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials

Andrady, Anthony L.; Heikkilä, Anu; Pandey, Krishna K.; Bruckman, Laura S.; White, Christopher C.; Zhu, Meifang; Zhu, Liping

doi:10.1007/s43630-023-00377-6

Cited by 35 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…6). On the other hand, the far-reaching, positive outcomes of the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol for life on Earth [25,93,[110][111][112][113][114] outweigh any potential advantage for disinfection by higher amounts of solar UV radiation.…”

Section: Effect Of Ambient Air Pollution and Sars-cov-2 Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkages between COVID-19, solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol

Bernhard

Madronich

Lucas

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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There are several connections between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol. Exposure to ambient solar UV radiation inactivates SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. An action spectrum describing the wavelength dependence of the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by UV and visible radiation has recently been published. In contrast to action spectra that have been assumed in the past for estimating the effect of UV radiation on SARS-CoV-2, the new action spectrum has a large sensitivity in the UV-A (315–400 nm) range. If this “UV-A tail” is correct, solar UV radiation could be much more efficient in inactivating the virus responsible for COVID-19 than previously thought. Furthermore, the sensitivity of inactivation rates to the total column ozone would be reduced because ozone absorbs only a small amount of UV-A radiation. Using solar simulators, the times for inactivating SARS-CoV-2 have been determined by several groups; however, many measurements are affected by poorly defined experimental setups. The most reliable data suggest that 90% of viral particles embedded in saliva are inactivated within ~ 7 min by solar radiation for a solar zenith angle (SZA) of 16.5° and within ~ 13 min for a SZA of 63.4°. Slightly longer inactivation times were found for aerosolised virus particles. These times can become considerably longer during cloudy conditions or if virus particles are shielded from solar radiation. Many publications have provided evidence of an inverse relationship between ambient solar UV radiation and the incidence or severity of COVID-19, but the reasons for these negative correlations have not been unambiguously identified and could also be explained by confounders, such as ambient temperature, humidity, visible radiation, daylength, temporal changes in risk and disease management, and the proximity of people to other people. Meta-analyses of observational studies indicate inverse associations between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 positivity or severity of COVID-19, although the quality of these studies is largely low. Mendelian randomisation studies have not found statistically significant evidence of a causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility or severity, but a potential link between vitamin D status and disease severity cannot be excluded as some randomised trials suggest that vitamin D supplementation is beneficial for people admitted to a hospital. Several studies indicate significant positive associations between air pollution and COVID-19 incidence and fatality rates. Conversely, well-established cohort studies indicate no association between long-term exposure to air pollution and infection with SARS-CoV-2. By limiting increases in UV radiation, the Montreal Protocol has also suppressed the inactivation rates of pathogens exposed to UV radiation. However, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the expected larger inactivation rates without the Montreal Protocol would have had tangible consequences on the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic. Graphical abstract

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Section: Effect Of Ambient Air Pollution and Sars-cov-2 Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkages between COVID-19, solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol

Bernhard

Madronich

Lucas

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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“…Accessing their triplet states through direct excitation would thus require both short irradiation wavelengths (often down to the UV-B region; 280–315 nm) 2 and high light intensities, which not only raise concerns about cost and safety, but also result in unselective absorption and undesired side reactions, running contrary to the principles of green chemistry. 20,21 To harness the reactivity of such triplet states, triplet–triplet energy transfer catalysis offers a solution to circumvent these challenges by efficiently populating the catalyst's triplet state with minimal losses, allowing for its excitation under mild conditions. In a second step, the excited-state energy is transferred to the substrate, therefore indirectly “exciting” it without traversing the absorption-relaxation-ISC pathway, eventually enabling a more controlled and sustainable transformation.…”

Section: General Introduction and Fundamentalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy transfer photocatalysis: exciting modes of reactivity

Dutta,

Erchinger,

Strieth-Kalthoff

et al. 2024

Chem. Soc. Rev.

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“…It focuses on the effects of changes in the ozone layer on climate and ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface, the interactions between UV radiation and climate, and on the influence of other geophysical parameters affecting UV radiation. This assessment sets the stage for subsequent assessments in this series that address the consequences of the interconnected effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change on human health [ 1 ] (including the COVID-19 pandemic [ 2 ]), terrestrial [ 3 ] and aquatic [ 4 ] ecosystems, the carbon cycle [ 3 , 4 ], air quality [ 5 ], natural and synthetic materials [ 6 ], and the fate of environmental plastic debris [ 7 ]. These assessments focus on new scientific knowledge that has accumulated since our last comprehensive assessment ( Photochem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions

Bernhard

Bais

Aucamp³

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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This assessment provides a comprehensive update of the effects of changes in stratospheric ozone and other factors (aerosols, surface reflectivity, solar activity, and climate) on the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface. The assessment is performed in the context of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its Amendments and Adjustments. Changes in UV radiation at low- and mid-latitudes (0–60°) during the last 25 years have generally been small (e.g., typically less than 4% per decade, increasing at some sites and decreasing at others) and were mostly driven by changes in cloud cover and atmospheric aerosol content, caused partly by climate change and partly by measures to control tropospheric pollution. Without the Montreal Protocol, erythemal (sunburning) UV irradiance at northern and southern latitudes of less than 50° would have increased by 10–20% between 1996 and 2020. For southern latitudes exceeding 50°, the UV Index (UVI) would have surged by between 25% (year-round at the southern tip of South America) and more than 100% (South Pole in spring). Variability of erythemal irradiance in Antarctica was very large during the last four years. In spring 2019, erythemal UV radiation was at the minimum of the historical (1991–2018) range at the South Pole, while near record-high values were observed in spring 2020, which were up to 80% above the historical mean. In the Arctic, some of the highest erythemal irradiances on record were measured in March and April 2020. For example in March 2020, the monthly average UVI over a site in the Canadian Arctic was up to 70% higher than the historical (2005–2019) average, often exceeding this mean by three standard deviations. Under the presumption that all countries will adhere to the Montreal Protocol in the future and that atmospheric aerosol concentrations remain constant, erythemal irradiance at mid-latitudes (30–60°) is projected to decrease between 2015 and 2090 by 2–5% in the north and by 4–6% in the south due to recovering ozone. Changes projected for the tropics are ≤ 3%. However, in industrial regions that are currently affected by air pollution, UV radiation will increase as measures to reduce air pollutants will gradually restore UV radiation intensities to those of a cleaner atmosphere. Since most substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol are also greenhouse gases, the phase-out of these substances may have avoided warming by 0.5–1.0 °C over mid-latitude regions of the continents, and by more than 1.0 °C in the Arctic; however, the uncertainty of these calculations is large. We also assess the effects of changes in stratospheric ozone on climate, focusing on the poleward shift of climate zones, and discuss the role of the small Antarctic ozone hole in 2019 on the devastating “Black Summer” fires in Australia. Additional topics include the assessment of advances in measuring and modeling of UV radiation; methods for determining personal UV exposure; the effect of solar radiation management (stratospheric aerosol injections) on UV radiation relevant for plants; and possible revisions to the vitamin D action spectrum, which describes the wavelength dependence of the synthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin upon exposure to UV radiation. Graphical abstract

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Effects of UV radiation on natural and synthetic materials

Cited by 35 publications

References 217 publications

Linkages between COVID-19, solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol

Linkages between COVID-19, solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol

Energy transfer photocatalysis: exciting modes of reactivity

Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions

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