“…Numerous studies have investigated the impact of item modifications for AA-MAS students (Cohen, Danielson, Stoica, Wothke, & Zhang, 2013;Elliott et al, 2010Elliott et al, , 2013Kettler et al, 2009Kettler et al, , 2011Nhouyvanisvong, Zhu, Yoo, Bishop, & Terada, 2010;Roach et al, 2010). Studies have found that modified items used in AA-MAS exhibit what is referred to as differential boost (Elliott et al, 2013;Kettler et al, 2011), where the items may become easier for all students when modifications are made, but more so for students that are the target population for the Downloaded by [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] at 19:53 11 April 2015 assessment compared with those who are not (Fuchs et al, 2000;Sireci, Scarpati, & Li, 2005).…”