Effects of unpredictability versus loss of predictability of shock on gastric lesions in rats

Tsuda, Atsushi; Tanaka, Masatoshi; Nishikawa, Tadashi; Hirai, Hisashi; Paré, William P.

doi:10.3758/bf03326809

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…This hypothesis is largely due to extrapolation of findings from studies indicating that loss of control over an aversive outcome, in animals that have previously been able to control it, is more stressful than never having had control (Hanson et al, 1976;Seligman, 1975;Tsuda et al, 1983;Weiss, 1971b). However, there was no difference in the amount and severity of gastric lesions shown by rats exposed to a loss of predictability of shock, compared to those that were continuously exposed to unpredictable shock (Tsuda et al, 1984). These results suggest that loss of controllability of shock is more deleterious in terms of stress and gastric pathogenesis than is loss of predictability.…”

Section: Effects Of Loss Of Predictability On Animal Welfarementioning

confidence: 50%

“…However, some researchers (e.g. Mineka and Kihlstrom, 1978;Tsuda et al, 1984) have suggested that loss of predictability might produce more severe effects in animals that have had prior experience with predictable shock than in individuals that have never been exposed to predictable stimuli. In other words, loss of predictability would be more detrimental to welfare than lack of predictability (unpredictability).…”

Section: Effects Of Loss Of Predictability On Animal Welfarementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals

Bassett

Buchanan‐Smith

2007

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

283

253

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Variations in the predictability of a stressor have pronounced effects on the behavioural and physiological effects of stress in rats. It is reasonable to expect that variations in the predictability of husbandry routines thought to be aversive to animals might have similar effects on stress indices. Similarly, variations in the predictability of positive events, of which feeding is an obvious example, may affect welfare. This review examines the behavioural and physiological effects of the predictability of aversive and appetitive stimuli, and the application of experimental findings to animal husbandry in practice. It is argued here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This review examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to positively and negatively perceived events, and examines the link between predictability and control. Recommendations are made for relatively simple and inexpensive modifications to husbandry routines that may be easy to incorporate into the schedules of busy staff yet could have a profound impact on the welfare of animals in their care.

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Section: Effects Of Loss Of Predictability On Animal Welfarementioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Effects Of Loss Of Predictability On Animal Welfarementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals

Bassett

Buchanan‐Smith

2007

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

283

253

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“…However, a review of experimental research in multiple species concluded that unpredictable environments are associated with physiological markers of stress, which, if experienced long-term, can have a negative impact on animal welfare [ 30 ]. Loss of predictability may also be more harmful to animal welfare than lack of predictability in the first place [ 31 ]. At the same time, unpredictability of events that animals find enjoyable (e.g., an unexpected additional treat or play sessions), may have a positive impact on the welfare of some individuals [ 30 ], while lack of stimulation (i.e., boredom) can be extremely aversive and impact cognitive function and welfare [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“More Attention than Usual”: A Thematic Analysis of Dog Ownership Experiences in the UK during the First COVID-19 Lockdown

Holland

Owczarczak‐Garstecka

Anderson

et al. 2021

Animals

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On 23 March 2020, the UK Government imposed a nationwide lockdown as part of efforts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19. This study aimed to explore how the experience of dog ownership in the UK was impacted during this lockdown. Data for this research came from open-ended survey questions and an electronic diary completed by members of the general public and participants involved in “Generation Pup”, an ongoing longitudinal cohort study of dogs. A total of 10,510 free-text entries were analysed. Three major themes emerged: spending time at home with dog(s), walking practices, and behaviour and training. Owners valued having more time than usual with their dog(s) but also recognised that spending extra time with their dog(s) may negatively impact on the dog’s future ability to cope when left alone. However, very few owners provided alone time for their dog(s) during the lockdown. The opportunity to walk their dog(s) as part of their permitted daily exercise was regarded positively, but walks under the lockdown guidelines were not always felt to be adequate with respect to providing sufficient exercise and opportunities for interaction with other dogs. Owners reported observing new undesirable behaviours in their dog(s) during the lockdown, including barking and dogs being “clingy” or vocalising when briefly left alone. Based on these findings, we suggest intervention strategies to best support dog welfare that include helping dog owners to teach dogs to cope with being alone, even if owners do not need to leave their dogs alone.

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“…In the rat, exposure to acute unpredictable shock (i.e., loss of control) is related to a significant inhibition of stomach acid (Mikhail, 1969; Paré & Isom, 1975; Paré & Livingston, 1973). These data are interesting because many investigators have demonstrated that unpredictability can lead to gastric lesions in the rat (Seligman, 1968; Tsuda & Hirai, 1975; Tsuda, Tanaka, Hirai, & Paré, 1983; Tsuda, Tanaka, Nishikawa, Hirai, & Paré, 1984; Weiss, 1970, 1971). This suggests that the affective states associated with unpredictability and loss of control (i.e., fright, depression) would also be implicated in the ulcerogenic process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Stomach acid secretion in submissive and aggressive rats.

Paré¹,

Vincent²

1986

Behavioral Neuroscience

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These studies were conducted to determine whether aggressive and submissive behavior are related to either an increase or a decrease in gastric secretion. In Experiment 1, intruder rats placed in an established male-female colony and attacked by a dominant alpha male secreted less acid than intruders exposed to nonaggressive males and females. In Experiment 2, intruders exposed to attack and subsequently returned to the encounter site, but protected from physical attack, still demonstrated a gastric hyposecretion. Rats with chronic gastric cannulas in Experiment 3 also revealed an acid inhibition when attacked and later when exposed to, but protected from, attack. Both intruders and attacking males were prepared with gastric cannulas in Experiment 4. Both demonstrated secretory inhibition following attack and attack-protected sessions. The inhibitory effect was greater and more persistent for intruder rats than for aggressive rats. The inhibition occurring during the attack-protected sessions may have been mediated by some conditioning processes. Other associative mechanisms are discussed, and the present results are also compared with those of relevant clinical reports.

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Effects of unpredictability versus loss of predictability of shock on gastric lesions in rats

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals

Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animals

“More Attention than Usual”: A Thematic Analysis of Dog Ownership Experiences in the UK during the First COVID-19 Lockdown

Stomach acid secretion in submissive and aggressive rats.

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