Effects of Types of Challenge on Pressor and Heart Rate Responses in Type A and B Women

MacDougall, James M.; Dembroski, Théodore M.; Krantz, David S.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01532.x

Cited by 135 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In young female subjects, Lawler and Schmid (1986) found no significant difference in physiological reactivity to verbal quiz between TABP and TBBP. It is also inconsistent result to previous report (MacDougall et al 1981). The characteristic of these two negative studies was in the method to assess TABP.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Beta and alpha adrenergic reactivity elicitable stress study with special reference of electrocardiographic T-wave amplitude.

Taguchi

Suzuki

Muranaka

et al. 1989

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Beta and alpha adrenergic reactivity elicitable stress study with special reference of electrocardiographic T-wave amplitude.

Taguchi

Suzuki

Muranaka

et al. 1989

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…Inhibiting one's facial expression of emotion or pain also results in increased arousal (Lanzetta & Kleck, 1970;Notarius, Wemple, Ingraham, Bums, & Kollar, 1982). Additionally, research has shown that holding anger in or regulating its expression leads to physiological arousal, such as increased blood pressure, a faster pulse, and decreased skin conductance (Rinkenstein, King, & Drolette, 1954;Haynes, Feinlieb, & Kannel, 1980;Holroyd & Gorkin, 1983;MacDougall, Dembroski, & Krantz, 1981;Schalling, 1985).…”

Section: Strength and Depletionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns.

Muraven¹,

Tice²,

Baumeister³

1998

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

1,569

1,471

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If self-regulation conforms to an energy or strength model, then self-control should be impaired by prior exertion. In Study 1, trying to regulate one's emotional response to an upsetting movie was followed by a decrease in physical stamina. In Study 2, suppressing forbidden thoughts led to a subsequent tendency to give up quickly on unsolvable anagrams. In Study 3, suppressing thoughts impaired subsequent efforts to control the expression of amusement and enjoyment. In Study 4, autobiographical accounts of successful versus failed emotional control linked prior regulatory demands and fatigue to self-regulatory failure. A strength model of self-regulation fits the data better than activation, priming, skill, or constant capacity models of self-regulation.The capacity of the human organism to override, interrupt, and otherwise alter its own responses is one of the most dramatic and impressive functions of human selfhood, with broad implications for a wide range of behavior patterns (Carver & Scheier, 1981;Wegner & Pennebaker, 1993). For example, self-regulation has been associated with crime and criminal behavior (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), smoking (Russell, 1971), and dieting (Herman & Polivy, 1975). Men with better self-control are less likely to become divorced (Kelly & Conley, 1987). Children who are better at delaying gratification tend to be calmer, to resist frustration better, to be less irritable and aggressive, to concentrate better, and to get higher grades in school than children who are less able to delay gratification (Funder & Block, 1989;Funder, Block, & Block, 1983). Additionally, children who were better able to control themselves could deal with stress better in adolescence and had higher SAT scores when applying to college (Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, 1990). It is clear that self-control is related to success in many aspects of life.Furthermore, the failure of self-control has immense personal and societal repercussions (Baumeister, Heatherton, & Tice, 1994). Breakdowns in self-control are linked with depression (Beck, 1976;Pyszczynski, Holt, & Greenberg, 1987;Wenzlaff, Wegner, & Roper, 1988), obsessive or ruminative thoughts (Martin & Tesser, 1989;Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987), and aggression (Baumeister, 1997;Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990;Tice & Baumeister, 1993;Zillman, 1993). concluded that many of the problems facing both individuals and society today, ranging from unprotected sexual behavior to addiction to school underachievement, involve regulatory failure. Therefore a deeper understanding of how, why, and when self-control breaks down is highly desirable.The purpose of this article is to examine one central reason why self-control may fail. We propose that people have a limited capacity for self-regulation, akin to having a limited supply of strength or energy. One central prediction of any such model is that exertion will be followed by a period of diminished capacity. Therefore, when people engage in self-regulation, they should show subsequent decrements on other tasks ...

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“…In hypertensive individuals, large pressor respon=es have been associated with 1aboratory-induced emotions of anger and fear (Schacter, 1957), anxiousness over interviews centered on areas of personal conflict (McKegney & Williams, 1967), participation in demanding cognitive tasks (Shapiro, 1969;Nestel, 1969), stressful Cardiovascular Reactivity 14 interpersonal situations involving negative evaluative feedback (MacDouga1l, Dembroski, & Krantz, 1981), and role-" playing requiring assertive responding (Arkowitz, 1981;Bellack, 1979). In general, hypertensive men have been shown to be more reactive to tasks involving competition, reaction time, and cold pressor stimuli (Shapiro, 1961;Manuck, Giordani, McQuaid, & Garrity, 1981), while hypertensive women have demonstrated greater blood pressure elevations to…”

Section: Cardiovascular Reactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anger and denial as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity in women

Emerson

Harrison

1990

J Psychopathol Behav Assess

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Behavioral and physiological reactivity, and its relationship to cardiovascular disease has been studied in men for a number of years, and the expression of anger has been identified as a possible contributing factor. Few studies, however, have focused specifically on the reactivity of women, and those which have suggest that women are less reactive to laboratory tasks than men. For the present study, 45 undergraduate women, ages 19-21 were selected from a larger sample of 135 women to represent three discrete groups: (1) low anger/low denial, (2) high anger/low denial, and (3) low anger/high denial, based on their scores on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, 1 and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. It was hypothesized that the three groups would show reliable differences in heart rate and blood pressure during presentation of a stressful laboratory stimulus, the Stroop Color and Word Test. Each subject received three counterbalanced conditions: (1) no feedback, (2) error feedback without observer present, (3) error feedback with observer present. As hypothesized, women who reported a high level of denial and a low level of anger exhibited reliably greater systolic blood pressure to the no-feedback condition than subjects who reported low levels of denial and anger. The hypothesis that all groups°w ould display greater reactivity in a condition which T provided error feedback with observation was not supported. (Eliot, Buell & Dembroski, 1982;Obrist, 1981). The reasons for this are still somewhat unclear.Investigations of the etiology and effects of hyperreactivity have followed three independent, yet seemingly related, lines of research. As early as 1911, Walter Cannon addressed the association between anger and the neuroendocrine mediation of the "fight-flight" response, the physiological reactivity associated with the mobilization of energy. Much later, in the early 1950's, investigators studying the relationship between cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension found that Cardiovascular Reactivity 1 compared to normotensives, hypertensive individuals manifested larger systolic blood pressure increases to stimuli which elicited both pain and anger (Schacter, 1957).Concurrently, other researchers utilized a harrassment paradigm with men to study the effects of psychological stress on hypertension. They found that individuals could be grouped according to whether or not they expressed their feelings (especially those of anger and anxiety), and that these groups evidenced differential degrees of reactivity in blood pressure and heart rate (Funkenstein, King, & Drolette, 1954).A third line of investigation focused on coronary heart disease. Friedman and Rosenman (1961) (1982), Contrada (1984), and. A 1 portion of this data will be discussed here. (Glass, 1983;Eliot, 1979;Haft, 1974; Raab, Chaplin, & Bajusc, 1989; Ardlie, Glew, & Schwartz, 1968). These effects have been observed in animals (Manuck, Kaplan, & Clarkson, 1983a;1985a) and also in acute and chronic studies of humans (Franke...

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Effects of Types of Challenge on Pressor and Heart Rate Responses in Type A and B Women

Cited by 135 publications

References 44 publications

Beta and alpha adrenergic reactivity elicitable stress study with special reference of electrocardiographic T-wave amplitude.

Beta and alpha adrenergic reactivity elicitable stress study with special reference of electrocardiographic T-wave amplitude.

Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns.

Anger and denial as predictors of cardiovascular reactivity in women

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