Effects of type of nonreinforcement and number of alternative responses in two verbal conditioning situations.

Neimark, Edith D.

doi:10.1037/h0047325

Cited by 61 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Subjects: Subjects in most experiments are undergraduate students (mostly psychology students). In Neimark (1956), Gardner (1958) and Edwards (1956Edwards ( , 1961 subjects are army recruits. Children were the subjects of Derks & Paclisanu (1967), and Brackbill & Bravos (1962) experiments.…”

Section: Survey Of Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Economist’s Perspective on Probability Matching

Vulkan

2000

Journal of Economic Surveys

330

296

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The experimental phenomenon known as`probability matching' is often offered as evidence in support of adaptive learning models and against the idea that people maximise their expected utility. Recent interest in dynamic-based equilibrium theories means the term re-appears in Economics. However, there seems to be conflicting views on what is actually meant by the term and about the validity of the data.The purpose of this paper is therefore threefold: First, to introduce today's readers to what is meant by probability matching, and in particular to clarify which aspects of this phenomenon challenge the utility-maximisation hypothesis. Second, to familiarise the reader with the different theoretical approaches to behaviour in such circumstances, and to focus on the differences in predictions between these theories in light of recent advances. Third, to provide a comprehensive survey of repeated, binary choice experiments.

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Section: Survey Of Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Economist’s Perspective on Probability Matching

Vulkan

2000

Journal of Economic Surveys

330

296

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“…On some trials, a third ('null') event occurs and the Ss prediction will inevitably fail. Under these circumstances, some investigators have found matching of the ratios of the allowable predictions to the objective ratios of these stimuli to occur (Atkinson, 1950;Neimark, 1956), whilst others have found a degree of attenua tion of selectivity to occur (Greeno, 1962). In this experiment predictions would have to be made with a lower subjective confidence in success than would normally be encountered in a guessing-game task with no null event.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

An Age-Related Attenuation of Selectivity of Choice in a Modified Guessing Task

Sanford¹,

Jack²,

Maule³

1977

Gerontology

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Previous research has shown that older Ss tend to be less selective in multisource monitoring tasks in that they do not observe the more likely source of information as frequently as do the young. On the other hand, it has also been found that in a simple guessing-game or probability matching task older Ss are no different in their patterns of prediction. An experiment is described below in which old and young Ss take part in a simple guessing-game task where uncertainty as to the success of a guess is made artificially high by the introduction of a proportion of trials on which the stimulus event occurring could not be guessed. Under these conditions old Ss were less selective in their responses. It is suggested that the results support a view that older Ss are less selective at high levels of uncertainty in the likelihood of a guess being the correct one, and that the result is consistent with both types of earlier results, goes part-way towards clarifying the differences, and provides a further example of a situation in which attenuated guessing-selectivity is associated with age.

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“…shall consider a situation which involves one which reinforces Aj ( j # i), then wit,h probability c the pattern becomes connected For our first illustrative interpretation, we to Aj, while with probability 1 -c its connection to Ai remains unchanged. uncertainty with respect to trial outcomes, but no differences in utility for different outcomes, vie., the familiar experiment on simple predictive behavior or verbal conditioning (Estes & Straughan, 1954;Grant et al, 1951;Neimark, 1956). The subject's task is simply to choose between two response alternatives, e.g., to operate one of two response keys or to say one of two designated words a t the beginning of each trial, attempting to be "correct" as often as possible.…”

Section: Elements Of a Learning Theory For Binary Choicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Descriptive Approach to the Dynamics of Choice Behavior

Estes

1966

Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Proceeding of the 1960 International Congress

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Effects of type of nonreinforcement and number of alternative responses in two verbal conditioning situations.

Cited by 61 publications

References 9 publications

An Economist’s Perspective on Probability Matching

An Economist’s Perspective on Probability Matching

An Age-Related Attenuation of Selectivity of Choice in a Modified Guessing Task

A Descriptive Approach to the Dynamics of Choice Behavior

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