Effects of two different battings (sheep wool versus polyester microfiber) in an outdoor jacket on the heat and moisture management and comfort sensation in the cold
Abstract:Wool in outdoor clothing systems is stated to be a good temperature and humidity regulator giving the wearer a warm and dry feeling during physical activities in the cold. The objective was to compare two different battings (sheep wool ''tirolwool'' (TW) versus polyester microfiber (PMF)) in an outdoor jacket of a two-layer outdoor clothing system consisting of a shirt and jacket on the heat and moisture management and comfort sensation during a moderate mountain walking protocol which was followed by a cool-d… Show more
“…All tests were performed in a climatic chamber (Kältepol, Natters, Austria) under standardized environmental conditions (10 ± 1℃, 40 ± 3% relative humidity) as used in previous studies. 33,34 Figure 2 displays the different stages of the protocol and the points of measurement. Figure 2.Testing protocol and times of measurements.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…H Skin was measured on the upper and lower side of the forearm using a corneometer (CM 825 Corneometer, CK electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) as used in several previous studies e.g. 15,34,36 Results are presented in arbitrary units ranging from 0 (dry) to 120 (on water). For consistency, measurement sites were marked with a waterproof pen.…”
The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of differences in water vapor permeability (WVP) of outdoor jackets on moisture management, subjective perceptions and physiological parameters under conditions typically encountered in outdoor sports.
Four outdoor jackets differing only in their WVP were compared in a repeated measures study. A total of 19 subjects (nine females) were tested in a climatic chamber at 10℃ and 40% relative humidity. The protocol consisted of 15 min of rest, 50 min of treadmill running at 60% of the individual maximal running velocity, and 15 min of passive recovery.
We found that jackets featuring greater WVP helped to reduce relative humidity underneath the jacket, resulting in less sweat residue in the clothing system and drier skin during exercise and rest. Subjects were also able to perceive the differences in the microclimate and reported feeling more comfortable and drier in the more permeable jackets. However, WVP did not have a significant effect on oxygen consumption, heart rate, tympanic temperature, overall loss of subjects’ body mass or on perceived exertion.
It can be concluded that outdoor jackets with higher WVP benefit moisture management during submaximal exercise in cool temperatures by reducing relative humidity in the clothing system mostly during rest periods. This effect leads to a drier skin which favors perceived comfort and might reduce the after-chill effect. However, WVP of outdoor jackets neither significantly affects physiological responses nor perceived exertion during submaximal exercise in a cool environment.
“…All tests were performed in a climatic chamber (Kältepol, Natters, Austria) under standardized environmental conditions (10 ± 1℃, 40 ± 3% relative humidity) as used in previous studies. 33,34 Figure 2 displays the different stages of the protocol and the points of measurement. Figure 2.Testing protocol and times of measurements.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…H Skin was measured on the upper and lower side of the forearm using a corneometer (CM 825 Corneometer, CK electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) as used in several previous studies e.g. 15,34,36 Results are presented in arbitrary units ranging from 0 (dry) to 120 (on water). For consistency, measurement sites were marked with a waterproof pen.…”
The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of differences in water vapor permeability (WVP) of outdoor jackets on moisture management, subjective perceptions and physiological parameters under conditions typically encountered in outdoor sports.
Four outdoor jackets differing only in their WVP were compared in a repeated measures study. A total of 19 subjects (nine females) were tested in a climatic chamber at 10℃ and 40% relative humidity. The protocol consisted of 15 min of rest, 50 min of treadmill running at 60% of the individual maximal running velocity, and 15 min of passive recovery.
We found that jackets featuring greater WVP helped to reduce relative humidity underneath the jacket, resulting in less sweat residue in the clothing system and drier skin during exercise and rest. Subjects were also able to perceive the differences in the microclimate and reported feeling more comfortable and drier in the more permeable jackets. However, WVP did not have a significant effect on oxygen consumption, heart rate, tympanic temperature, overall loss of subjects’ body mass or on perceived exertion.
It can be concluded that outdoor jackets with higher WVP benefit moisture management during submaximal exercise in cool temperatures by reducing relative humidity in the clothing system mostly during rest periods. This effect leads to a drier skin which favors perceived comfort and might reduce the after-chill effect. However, WVP of outdoor jackets neither significantly affects physiological responses nor perceived exertion during submaximal exercise in a cool environment.
“…Fifteen of these 18 studies used skin temperature as a parameter; two studies used skin temperature only to measure moisture accumulation 26 and temperature change under sportswear. 27 Ten of the 18 studies measured core temperature using ingestible temperature sensor tablets, 28,29 measuring esophageal, 21,22 rectal, [30][31][32] ear canal, 33,34 and tympanic temperature. 25 In the case of subjective parameters, some of the more frequently used measures included RPE (nine studies), perceived comfort sensations such as thermal sensation (19 studies), tactile sensation (11 studies), skin wetness sensation (16 studies), and overall comfort or discomfort (18 studies).…”
Section: Objective and Subjective Parametersmentioning
Purpose There is insufficient research to confirm whether wearing comfort can be accurately predicted by physiological responses during exercise when wearing sportswear with functionality. This review investigated the possibility of predicting subjective comfort based on material properties when selecting sportswear. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA. Two independent reviewers searched six electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and EMBASE, for experimental studies published between 1 January 2000 and 31 January 2022. The included studies were analyzed for their study characteristics and evaluated for their risk of bias level. Findings Twenty-five studies were selected from 5906 papers resulting from the initial searches. The results of the analysis suggested that considering factors beyond moisture management function in sportswear selection, such as type of activity, environment, individual habits, and prior experience, can help wearers better predict their comfort during exercise. Research limitations/implications: All included studies have a small sample size; the participants’ fitness level has not been properly defined and standardized; the dependent variables measured in these studies vary, and there is a lack of standard approach to measure comfort. Originality: The understanding and the correlation between wearing comfort and fabric characteristics is necessary because such relationships can be very complex. This review provides information to further advance our knowledge in understanding the dynamic interactions of the factors that may affect perceived comfort in selecting sportswear. A three-step conceptual framework consisting of material properties, physiological response, and comfort sensation is suggested to determine sportswear comfort.
“…Figures [12][13][14] give the linear regression equation and coefficients of determination describing the proportion of variance in the heat resistance that is predic from the pressure in the chamber. As can be seen from the figures, high values of the coefficient were characteristic for PICs C-0, C-1V, and C-2V at all three ambient temperatures (20 • C, 15 • C, and 10 • C).…”
Section: Measured Thermal Properties Of Picsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is well known that wool is a good regulator in terms of temperature and humidity. Having this in mind, a group of researchers focused on the comparison of outdoor jackets with two different battings in the cold environment, specifically, air temperature of −5 °C and 43% relative humidity [ 12 ]. The first batting was made of sheep wool, while the second was made of polyester microfiber.…”
Evaluating mechanical and thermal characteristics of garment systems or their segments is important in an attempt to provide optimal or at least satisfying levels of comfort and safety, especially in the cold environment. The target groups of users may be athletes engaged in typical sports that are trained in the cold, as well as football players that play matches and train outdoors during the winter season. Previous studies indicated an option to substitute the inner layers of an intelligent garment with polyurethane inflated chambers (PIC) to increase and regulate thermal insulation. In this paper, the authors investigate the mechanical properties of polyurethane material with and without ultrasonic joints. Furthermore, they investigate the potential of designed PICs in terms of efficiency and interdependence of air pressure and heat resistance. The results indicated that an inflated PIC with four diagonal ultrasonic joints has the highest ability to maintain the optimal thermal properties of an intelligent clothing system. The influence of direction and number of ultrasonic joints on the mechanical properties of polyurethane material is confirmed, especially in terms of compression resilience and tensile energy.
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