Effects of tributyltin chloride on cell structures of epithelial layer in different stages of <i>Artemia salina</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)

Abstract

Background: Tributylin chloride (TBTCl) has been demonstrated to be acutely toxic to aquatic organisms. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of TBTCl on epithelial cell of gut Artemia salina in different stages (Nauplii, Juveniles, and Adults). Methods: Samples of A. salina used were cultivated in incubators for hatching. Nauplii were harvested at 24 hours of age, while the juveniles and adults were harvested at 21 and 35 days of age, respectively. These three stages of A. salina were exposed to different concentrations of TBTCl (1 ng.L −1 to 500 ng.L −1) for 24 hours. For nauplii, juveniles, and adults, 100 individuals were exposed, and those that survived in the exposure test were harvested for histological analysis. Results: The histological examinations revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in type of lesions associated with different TBTCl concentrations and at different stages. The predominant lesions associated with different stages and different concentrations of TBTCl were epithelial cell necroasis, degeneration, cell loss, disruption, piknosis, and submucosal necrosis. Cell scoring was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the groups of different TBTCl concentrations and different life stages. Conclusion: Overall, in this study, the generality of the lesion scores showed that the adults are relatively more susceptible to the effects of TBTCl compared to the juvenile and the nauplii.

Histological study of gonadal tissues of adult Artemia salina (Linnaeus 1758) and immunohistochemistry by Caspase 3 and HSP70 to detect specific apoptosis markers on gonadal tissues after exposure to TBTCl

“…Dilutions of the TBTCl series’ concentrations were 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 ng.l −1 in order to study the effects of TBTCl on gonads of A. salina in acute toxicity testing. This range was determined based on previous studies ( Abushaala, 2019 ).…”

“…In the histological experiments, A. salina was put in Bouin’s solution for 24 hours preparing for the histology section. The Caspase 3 and HSP70 expressions were determined after the tissue was sectioned ( Cruz-Rodriguez and Chu, 2002 ; Klepal et al ., 2008 ; Abushaala, 2019 ). IHC avidin–biotin complex (ABC) was used in this study following the ABC stinging system sc-2017 kit (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).…”

“…There are many types of research using Artemia sp. to monitor spatial and temporal changes in the concentrations of TBTs (Ohji et al, 2002a;Abushaala et al, 2015Abushaala et al, , 2017Abushaala et al, , 2018Abushaala et al, , 2020Abushaala, 2019). Nevertheless, only a few previous studies are available on the biological effects of TBTs on features such as growth, survival, reproduction, and the sex ratio of Artemia sp.…”