Effects of translocation on survival and growth of freshwater mussels within a West Gulf Coastal Plain river system

Abstract

Human‐mediated threats have led to the rapid decline of species inhabiting freshwater ecosystems, and among the groups most affected are freshwater mussels of the family Unionidae. As a result, species translocation is increasingly used in conservation programmes, yet experimental evidence documenting the success of this strategy is limited. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of translocation on survival probability, shell growth and body condition of a state‐threatened (Quadrula houstonensis) and common (Amblema plicata) species of freshwater mussel in the San Saba River, located in a West Gulf Coastal Plain river system, USA. Survival probability estimated from a joint live and dead encounter model was high (> 0.85) and varied by treatment for both species. However, differences in survival probability between resident and transplant treatments were relatively small for A. plicata (0.01) and Q. houstonensis (0.12). Generalized additive mixed models of yearly proportional growth and linear mixed models of Fulton's K index for A. plicata varied by treatment and were lower in transplant treatments. Shell growth of Q. houstonensis was unaffected by translocation; whereas, Fulton's K was higher in the transplant treatment. Methods used to translocate mussels were important factors leading to high survival and limited impacts to shell growth and body condition in this study. Differences in shell growth rate between treatments are attributed to possible differences in habitat quality between sites. Our results demonstrate that A. plicata and Q. houstonensis are tolerant of translocation, despite the broad assumption that translocation is detrimental to mussels. Thus, there is a continuing need to study species' responses to translocation to test and improve the ecological soundness of this strategy, particularly because climate change and other human stressors will exacerbate the need to implement conservation measures such as translocation in future decades.

Dispersal and mortality of translocated thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 adults revealed by radio tracking

“…The data from located and identified individuals indicate that the short‐term mortality of mussels translocated during this study was minimal, ranging from 0 (first trial) to 3% (second trial). High survival rates (>80%) of translocated and individually marked mussels were reported previously by Cope et al () and by Tsakiris, Randklev, Blair, Fisher, and Conway (). A much higher mortality rate was expected during the second trial, however, because the habitat had been destroyed by the flood (e.g.…”

Freshwater mussels (Unionidae) brought into captivity exhibit up-regulation of genes involved in stress and energy metabolism

“…While some studies have found only minimal effects of translocation on survival of freshwater mussels 21 , 22 , this practice often results in increased mortality and/or reduced growth rates 19 , 23 – 25 . However, models of future extinction rates predict that, without effective intervention, more than 40% of North American freshwater mussel species will become extinct over the next 100 years 26 .…”

Population genetics of freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in central Massachusetts and implications for conservation

“…Translocation of individual mussels between sites has been shown to be an effective tool in other unionid conservation efforts, with studies showing low mortality and limited effects on mussel growth when placed in suitable and functional habitats (Tsakiris, Randklev, Blair, Fisher, & Conway, 2017; Zając et al, 2019). Transfer of adult M. margaritifera individuals from one body of water to another, however, has been shown to be an ineffective conservation tool (Buddensiek, 1995; Cosgrove & Hastie, 2001; Preston, Keys, & Roberts, 2007), with a study in Massachusetts showing nearly 100% mortality after relocation (Cope & Waller, 1995).…”