Effects of training on Japanese face recognition: Reduction of the other-race effect

Goldstein, Alvin G.; Chance, June E.

doi:10.3758/bf03329829

Cited by 87 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In addition, although the effects of interest (motivation) and knowledge (expertise) are difficult to disentangle (Shepherd, 1981), their contributions might be assessed by measuring the former and manipulating the latter via systematic exposure. This approach has met with some success in studies of the race effect, for which training has improved recognition memory performance on faces of other races (Goldstein & Chance, 1985;Malpass, 1981).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in recognition memory for faces and cars: Evidence for the interest hypothesis

McKelvie

Standing

Jean

et al. 1993

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Two experiments investigated gender differences in recognition memory for faces and cars. Stimuli were line drawings of cars and of adult men and women (Experiment 1) and photographs of real cars and of real boys and girls (Experiment 2). In both experiments, performance was better on faces than on cars. Regarding recognition memory for men's faces, in Experiment 1, men's scores were higher than women's scores. However, in Experiment 2, men recognized more cars than did women, and women recognized more children than did men. Results are generally consistent with the hypothesis that memory reflects male and female interest in, and/or differential familiarity for, different kinds of material.Peer effects have been found in recognition memory for faces. Research shows that people are generally more accurate on own-race and gender faces than on other-race and gender faces (Bothwell, Brigham, & Malpass, 1989; McKelvie, 1981;Shapiro & Penrod, 1986). However, the gender effect is more reliable for women than for men, and women perform better than men on faces of children, leading McKelvie (1981) to propose that gender differences may be mediated by differential interest. To test this hypothesis, he suggested that researchers might investigate memory for material expected to be of particular interest to men and to women.Recently, in a developmental study of children and adults, Davies and Robertson (1993) invoked the interest hypothesis to account for their findings that males clearly recognized more photographs of automobiles than did females, whereas females tended to recognize more female faces than did males. Experiment 1 of the present study was also designed to compare memory for faces and cars with memory for adult men and women. However, male faces were included and pictures were shown in the form of line drawings to test the generality of the automobile superiority effect for males. cated at random to the presentation set, and all stimuli constituted the test set. For this purpose, they were paired randomly, with the restriction that each stimulus appear beside another from the same class.Procedure. The subjects were tested in a laboratory in small groups. During Session I, they were shown each of the 40 faces or cars for 5 sec and instructed to memorize the material for a test 48 h later. During this test, the 80 pairs were shown for 10 sec, during which the subjects recorded whether the original picture was on the left or the right.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in recognition memory for faces and cars: Evidence for the interest hypothesis

McKelvie

Standing

Jean

et al. 1993

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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“…Moreover, the apparent flexibility of the ORE effect in 3-month-olds is consistent with findings reported in adults. That is, although the ORE has been consistently demonstrated in adults, it has also been shown to be reducible with minimal training (Elliott, Wills, & Goldstein, 1973;Lavrakas, Buri, & Mayzner, 1976) and that the benefits of such training can last for at least 5 months (Goldstein & Chance, 1985). It is important to note that the ORE has not been wholly negated when training has been administered, but the fact that it can be reduced with brief exposure to other-race faces lends support to both the flexibility of the face representation in adulthood and the notion of an experience-dependent face processing system during development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross‐Race Preferences for Same‐Race Faces Extend Beyond the African Versus Caucasian Contrast in 3‐Month‐Old Infants

Kelly

Liu²,

Ge³

et al. 2007

Infancy

194

161

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A visual preference procedure was used to examine preferences among faces of different ethnicities (African, Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern) in Chinese 3-month-old infants exposed only to Chinese faces. The infants demonstrated a preference for faces from their own ethnic group. Alongside previous results showing that Caucasian infants exposed only to Caucasian faces prefer same-race faces and that Caucasian and African infants exposed only to native faces prefer the same over the other-race faces (Bar-Haim, Ziv, Lamy, & Hodes, 2006), the findings reported here (a) extend the same-race preference observed in young infants to a new race of infants (Chinese), and (b) show that cross-race preferences for same-race faces extend beyond the perceptually robust contrast between African and Caucasian faces.It has been reported recently in two separate studies that 3-month-old infants demonstrate a visual preference for faces from their own ethnic group when paired with faces from other ethnic groups. Using a standard visual preference task, Kelly et al. (2005) found that English Caucasian infants preferred to look at Caucasian faces when paired with African, Chinese, or Middle Eastern faces. Using the same paradigm, Bar-Haim, Ziv, Lamy, and Hodes (2006) found a cross-race visual preference in Israeli and Ethiopian infants with Israeli infants showing a visual preference for Caucasian faces and Ethiopian infants preferring to look at the faces from their own racial group. Crucially, Bar-Haim et al. (2006) also tested a population of Israeli-born infants of Ethiopian parentage recruited from an absorption center

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“…Reasons for excluding studies involved (a) the lack of sufficient data from which to compute an effect size (Bruce, Beard, & Tedford, 1997;Caroo, 1988;Horowitz & Horowitz, 1938;Luce, 1974;Malpass, 1988), (b) the use of a between-subjects design and analysis (Caroo, 1986;E. S. Elliot, Wills, & Goldstein, 1973), or (c) the implementation of various methodological procedures that might obscure interpretation of the effect size estimate, such as unequal presentation rates for own-race and other-race faces (Byatt & Rhodes, 1998;Doty, 1998;Goldstein & Chance, 1985;Lavrakas et al, 1976;Padgett, 1997;Valentine & Bruce, 1986).…”

Section: Inclusion-exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review.

Meissner

Brigham²

2001

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

1,397

111

1,424

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The current article reviews the own-race bias (ORB) phenomenon in memory for human faces, the finding that own-race faces are better remembered when compared with memory for faces of another, less familiar race. Data were analyzed from 39 research articles, involving 91 independent samples and nearly 5,000 participants. Measures of hit and false alarm rates, and aggregate measures of discrimination accuracy and response criterion were examined, including an analysis of 8 study moderators. Several theoretical relationships were also assessed (i.e., the influence of racial attitudes and interracial contact). Overall, results indicated a "mirror effect" pattern in which own-race faces yielded a higher proportion of hits and a lower proportion of false alarms compared with other-race faces. Consistent with this effect, a significant ORB was also found in aggregate measures of discrimination accuracy and response criterion. The influence of perceptual learning and differentiation processes in the ORB are discussed, in addition to the practical implications of this phenomenon.

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Effects of training on Japanese face recognition: Reduction of the other-race effect

Cited by 87 publications

References 9 publications

Gender differences in recognition memory for faces and cars: Evidence for the interest hypothesis

Gender differences in recognition memory for faces and cars: Evidence for the interest hypothesis

Cross‐Race Preferences for Same‐Race Faces Extend Beyond the African Versus Caucasian Contrast in 3‐Month‐Old Infants

Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review.

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