Effects of traffic frequency and skid trail slope on surface runoff and sediment yield

Solgi, Ahmad; Najafi, Arezu; Sadeghi, Seyed Hamidreza

doi:10.1080/14942119.2014.955699

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The greatest amounts of runoff and soil loss were observed on the low mat density on trail gradients > 20%; in contrast, the smallest amounts of runoff and soil loss were observed on the high mat density on trail gradients ≤ 20% regardless of the closure treatment (Tables 2 and 3). These surface runoff and soil loss results confirm findings from previous studies that documented a considerable impact of increasing trail gradients on erosion (Koulouri, Giourga 2007;Solgi et al 2014). In this study, the increase in slope gradient > 20% resulted in greater absolute amounts of runoff and soil loss and greater relative rates of loss on denser mats.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Runoff plots were surrounded by wooden boards that were 30 cm tall and inserted 10 cm deep into the soil to control surface water movement from the inside to the outside of the plot area and vice versa (Solgi et al 2014). A ditch was constructed on the lower side of each plot so that all surface water runoff from inside the area could be collected in a tank that had a capacity of 100 l (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compaction in machine operating trails is considered the most important factor that affects the intensity and frequency of overland flow and surface wash erosion (García-Ruiz 2010). Generally, both runoff and sediment loss increase exponentially with increasing compaction (Motavalli et al 2003;Arnáez et al 2004;Solgi et al 2014). More specifically, the extent and severity of surface erosion on a machine operating trail is related to the soil type (Morgan 1986), soil texture (Croke et al 2001;Gokturk et al 2006), slope steepness (Akbarimehr, Naghdi 2012), traffic volume (Arnáez et al 2004), vegetation cover (Cerdà 2007;Lee et al 2013), seasonality and rainfall intensity (Martínez-Zavala et al 2008), and the time since construction (Fu et al 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of different erosion control techniques in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran

et al. 2017

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Masumian A., Naghdi R., Zenner E.K., Nikooy M., Lotfalian M. (2017): Comparison of different erosion control techniques in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran. J. For. Sci., 63: 549-554.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of closure best management practices (BMPs) on runoff volume and soil loss on skid trails that received two densities of soil cover mats and were located on two slope gradients in an Iranian temperate mountainous forest. The treatments included combinations of three closure BMPs (water bar only, water bar + sawdust, and water bar + hardwood slash), two amounts (densities) of mats (7.5 and 15 kg·m -2 ), and two levels of slope gradients (≤ 20% and > 20%). Results showed that the water bar treatment was the least effective erosion control treatment, followed by the hardwood slash and sawdust treatments. Averaged over mat densities and both slope gradients, the average runoff rates and amounts of soil loss from the skid trails with the water bar treatment were 46.7 l per plot and 6.1 g·m -2 , respectively, 16.8 l per plot, 2.8 g·m -2 , respectively, with the hardwood slash treatment and 11.7 l per plot, 1.9 g·m -2 , respectively, with the sawdust treatment. The results indicated that surface cover is a necessary element for controlling erosion losses following a skidding disturbance, particularly on steep slopes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of different erosion control techniques in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran

et al. 2017

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“…This occurs mainly during extraction operations [70]. In addition to contributing to technical difficulties, terrain steepness also causes slippage [38] as well as erosion through runoff and soil loss [67,71] meaning that the highest soil deterioration level was experienced on slopes with inclinations above 20% [72].…”

Section: Topographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, three in-stand transportation modes were identified with regard to both soil sensitivity and terrain ( technical difficulties, terrain steepness also causes slippage [38] as well as erosion through runoff and soil loss [67,71] meaning that the highest soil deterioration level was experienced on slopes with inclinations above 20% [72]. Therefore, three in-stand transportation modes were identified with regard to both soil sensitivity and terrain ( In-stand transportation modes with regard to soil sensitivity class and topography, focusing on timber extraction mode; where (1) indicates that traffic is possible (ground-based forest operations on skid trails); (2) indicates that low traffic is possible (ground-based forest operations on tractor roads); and (3) indicates that traffic is not possible (road-based operation/cable yarding).…”

Section: Topographymentioning

confidence: 99%

How Climate Change Will Affect Forest Composition and Forest Operations in Baden-Württemberg—A GIS-Based Case Study Approach

Berendt

Fortin

Jaeger

et al. 2017

Forests

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Abstract:In order to accommodate foreseen climate change in European forests, the following are recommended: (i) to increase the number of tree species and the structural diversity; (ii) to replace unsuitable species by native broadleaved tree species, and (iii) to apply close-to-nature silviculture. The state forest department of Baden-Württemberg (BW) currently follows the concept of Forest Development Types (FDTs). However, future climatic conditions will have an impact on these types of forest as well as timber harvesting operations. This Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis identified appropriate locations for main FDTs and timber harvesting and extraction methods through the use of species suitability maps, topography, and soil sensitivity data. Based on our findings, the most common FDT in the state forest of BW is expected to be coniferous-beech mixed forests with 29.0% of the total forest area, followed by beech-coniferous (20.5%) and beech-broadleaved (15.4%) mixed forests. Where access for fully mechanized systems is not possible, the main harvesting and extraction methods would be motor manual felling and cable yarding (29.1%). High proportions of large dimensioned trees will require timber extraction using forestry tractors, and these will need to be operated from tractor roads on sensitive soils (23.0%), and from skid trails on insensitive soils (18.4%).

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Evaluating small‐scale harvesting disturbance to the forest soil in Mediterranean beech high forests

Latterini,

Dyderski,

Horodecki

et al. 2024

Land Degrad Dev

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European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in Central and Southern Italy are managed applying the shelterwood system. Prior to the regeneration cut, it is common to apply 2–3 thinning interventions, aiming to obtain mostly firewood, considering the low dimension and poor quality of the stems. These interventions are usually carried out by local forest enterprises relying on a low or medium level of mechanization (small‐scale forestry). In particular, the short wood system is applied, thus processing the logs to 1 m length and extracting them with forestry‐fitted farm tractors equipped with forwarding bins. Despite the large application of this harvesting system in the Mediterranean forestry, no information is available in the literature about its possible disturbance to the forest soil. To fulfill this knowledge gap, we developed the first assessment of soil physicochemical (bulk density, penetration resistance, shear resistance, organic matter content) and biological (soil microarthropods biodiversity evaluated with the QBS‐ar index, that is, an index based on the idea that high‐quality soils have more groups of microarthropods that are morphologically better adapted to the soil than low‐quality soils) properties for this kind of logging operation. In three case study areas in Central Italy, we applied an experimental design to evaluate separately the impacts related to the passage of the machine and that of the silvicultural treatment itself. We further applied linear mixed‐effect models to investigate the relationship between changes in soil physicochemical and biological properties. We found the effect of the silvicultural treatment to be negligible, but there was a significant alteration of the investigated parameters in the soil affected by the passage of the machine. Soil penetration and shear resistance doubled in the forwarding trails (0.25 MPa and 4.02 t m−2, respectively) in comparison with the other two experimental treatments (control area and soil not affected by the machine passage; about 0.12 MPa and 2.10 t m−2, respectively). Soil organic matter and soil microarthropod biodiversity (QBS‐ar index) were reduced by 25% in the forwarding trails (about 30% and 92 respectively) in comparison with the soil not affected by the machine passage (about 39% and about 130, respectively). Such significant disturbance, which occurred even if the applied machinery had lower weight in comparison to other alternatives (forwarders), is related to the high number of machine passes needed to extract the woody material with forwarding bins applying the short wood system. We found a significant relationship between soil compaction and soil organic matter removal and microarthropod biodiversity, with the latter which resulted significantly lower in more compacted and organic matter‐poor soils. We demonstrated that this small‐scale extraction system can have a negative effect on soil features in the short term. We therefore recommend the application of best management practices, for instance placing brush mats and logging residues, on the forwarding trails to limit the soil disturbance within the framework of small‐scale forestry. We further recommend a wider application of aerial harvesting systems, which generally have lower impacts to the soil. However, this could happen only after an extensive training program aimed to increase the knowledge and skills of local loggers about aerial harvesting systems.

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Effects of traffic frequency and skid trail slope on surface runoff and sediment yield

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Comparison of different erosion control techniques in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran

Comparison of different erosion control techniques in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran

How Climate Change Will Affect Forest Composition and Forest Operations in Baden-Württemberg—A GIS-Based Case Study Approach

Evaluating small‐scale harvesting disturbance to the forest soil in Mediterranean beech high forests

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