Effects of toluene inhalation exposure on olfactory functioning: Behavioral and histological assessment

Jacquot, Laurence; Pourié, Grégory; Buron, G.; Monnin, Julie; Brand, Gérard

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.018

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Toluene inhalation was carried out based on the procedure reported previously (Jacquot et al, 2006) with modifi cations. Rats (three animals pre group) were exposed to toluene (analytical pure grade, Wako Purechemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) by inhalation for 4 h per day (10:00-14:00) at a concentration of approximately 1400-1500 ppm for 7 days in a plastic chamber (W30 × L45 × D25 cm) at room temperature (25-27 °C).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats

Gotohda

Nishimura

Morita

2009

J of Applied Toxicology

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Toluene is one of the most widely used organic solvents and is commonly recognized as a noxious substance inducing chronically toxic damage to neural, hepatic and renal functions in the workers engaged in printing and painting. Although hepatic cells are generally considered to be vulnerable and susceptible to various organic solvents, particularly chloroform and other halogenated hydrocarbons, the hepatotoxic effects of aromatic hydrocarbons including toluene have not yet been sufficiently characterized. In particular, it still seems unclear whether toluene itself can directly act on hepatic cells, inducing toxic damage to their metabolism and function. To assess the toxic effect of toluene inhalation on rat liver, immunohistochemical analyses of the histological markers for hepatic damage were carried out in animals exposed subacutely to toluene vapor. The immunoreactivities of heat shock proteins (HSP-70 and HSP-90) and cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) in the liver were analyzed to assess the hepatotoxic damage induced by toluene inhalation, and the expression of these histological markers was shown to be substantially enhanced by the subacute exposure to toluene vapor. Toluene inhalation was furthermore shown to enhance the immunoreactivities of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), collagen, glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the liver. Additional studies using human hepatoma HepG2 cells showed that toluene can directly induce toxic damage to cells. These findings suggest that toluene inhalation may primarily induce hepatic damage, which may be secondarily exacerbated by the activation of systemic processes possibly connected with glucocorticoids and leptin.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats

Gotohda

Nishimura

Morita

2009

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…These findings are in agreement with other previous published studies showing no modification in the urine sensitivity during CO 2 (Buron et al 2009a) or acetone (Buron et al 2009b) exposures. Moreover, in these published experiments as well as in similar studies (Jacquot et al 2006;Buron et al 2007), repeated behavioral measures without specific inhalation exposure in control groups of mice showed no time effect in response to urine. Thus, the present data can be interpreted without possible habituation effect concerning behavioral measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…Two experiments were conducted during 8 weeks divided in two periods: 4 weeks of CO 2 exposure (i.e., 5 days per week from Monday to Friday) followed by 4 weeks of post-exposure period, according to previous published papers (Jacquot et al 2006;Buron et al 2009a,b). Data were collected before CO 2 exposure (D0), at the middle (D14) and at the end (D28) of exposure period, and at the middle (D42) and at the end (D56) of post-exposure period.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of CO2 inhalation exposure on mice vomeronasal epithelium

et al. 2009

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Nasal epitheliums are the first sites of the respiratory tract in contact with the external environment and may therefore be susceptible to damage from exposure to many toxic volatile substances (i.e., volatile organic components, vapors, and gases). In the field of inhalation toxicology, a number of studies have considered the main olfactory epithelium, but few have dealt with the epithelium of the vomeronasal organ (VNO). However, in several species such as in rodents, the VNO (an organ of pheromone detection) plays an important role in social interactions, and alterations of this organ are known to induce adaptative behavioral disturbances. Among volatile toxicants, health effects of inhaled gases have been thoroughly investigated, especially during CO(2) inhalation because of its increasing atmospheric concentration. Therefore, this work was designed to examine the effects of 3% CO(2) inhalation on VNO in two different exposure conditions (5 h/day and 12 h/day) in mice. Behavioral sensitivity tests to urine of congener and histological measurements of VNO were conducted before, during (weeks 1-4), and after (weeks 5-8) CO(2) inhalation exposures. Results showed no significant modifications of behavioral responses to urine, but there were significant changes of both cell number and thickness of the VNO epithelium. Moreover, the findings indicated a selectively dose-dependent effect of CO(2), and further research could use other gases in the same manner for comparison.

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“…(7) An animal study involving rats exposed to 1000 ppm toluene for 5 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks, found in the fourth week a reduction in olfactory epithelial thickness, that returned to normal 2 weeks after cessation of the exposure. (10) To date, several olfactory function testing methods of higher sensitivity have been developed and subjected to cultural validation, such as the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), Brief Smell Identification Test, Japanese Odor Stick Identification Test (OSIT), Scandinavian Odor Identification Test (SOIT), and Sniffin Sticks. (11) The present study aimed to determine any association between risk of toluene exposure in furniture workers and olfactory dysfunction (including olfactory threshold, discrimination, and individuality).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High toluene exposure risk increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture workers

Wartono

Herkutanto

Lestari

2016

UnivMed

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BACKGROUNDFew studies have investigated the impact on olfactory functioning of occupational exposure to toluene, an industrial solvent used in paints and cleaning fluids. The estimated olfactory dysfunction prevalence is 0.5-5%. Patients frequently do not complain about olfactory dysfunction. However, occupational exposure to chemicals may affect workers' health and safety, because of their continuous inhalation. This study aimed to examine the relationship between toluene exposure and olfactory dysfunction in furniture workers. METHODSThis was a cross-sectional study involving 65 workers. Data collection was by observation and interview on demographic characteristics, history of habits, and symptoms of chronic rhinitis. Risk of exposure scores were evaluated from potential hazard, exposure level, duration of employment, type of work, use of masks, ventilation of work space, and education and training. Olfactory function was tested using Sniffin' Sticks, and determination of environmental toluene level was by personal sampling. The odds ratio was used to test correlations between variables. RESULTSOnly 44 subjects could be analyzed, 37 (84.1%) of whom had olfactory dysfunction. Workers with high toluene exposure had a significantly 12.5-fold risk of olfactory dysfunction in comparison with those with low exposure (OR=12.5; CI 95% 1.35 -115.79). CONCLUSIONSToluene exposure increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture workers. Olfactory function testing should be considered for initial screening or periodic testing of furniture workers. Low toluene levels with a high proportion of olfactory dysfunction indicate that olfactory dysfunction is an early negative impact of chemical inhalation. Keywords

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Effects of toluene inhalation exposure on olfactory functioning: Behavioral and histological assessment

Cited by 28 publications

References 51 publications

Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats

Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats

Effects of CO2 inhalation exposure on mice vomeronasal epithelium

High toluene exposure risk increases risk of olfactory dysfunction in furniture workers

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