Effects of timing of pre-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance

Moseley, Luke; Lancaster, Graeme I.; Jeukendrup, Asker E.

doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0728-8

Cited by 60 publications

(77 citation statements)

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“…It was reported that CHO solution (such as glucose and maltodextrin) feeding before exercise can improve exercise performance through enhanced endurance exercise capacity (2,4,5,10). Moreover, it was also reported that CHO mixed meal feeding before exercise can improve endurance exercise capacity (7,9,11).The intake of CHO elevates the secretion of insulin from the pancreas into the blood. Glucose and insulin in plasma reach a peak approximately 30 min after the ingestion of CHO and thereafter gradually decrease to the basal level.…”

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“…Fats are supplied by meals, and also by adipose tissues, but CHO must be acquired from meals before exercise because little is stored as glycogen in the liver or muscle tissue. Previous studies have been conducted on the ergogenic effects of CHO feeding before exercise (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). It was reported that CHO solution (such as glucose and maltodextrin) feeding before exercise can improve exercise performance through enhanced endurance exercise capacity (2,4,5,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Hyperinsulinemia tends to supply energy with a predominance of CHO over fats as the energy source in the initial period during exercise (7). Previous studies have shown, by examining timing of carbohydrate intake before exercise, that a shorter time from intake to exercise increases blood glucose and insulin levels at the start of exercise and these factors gradually decrease after the start of exercise (9,10). Moreover, Chryssanthopoulos et al (5) have reported that glucose intake at 30 min before exercise causes a rapid reduction of blood glucose after the beginning of exercise.…”

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“…On the other hand, Coyle et al (13) have shown that carbohydrate utilization during exercise is higher under the condition of meal intake at 4 h before exercise compared with the fasting condition. Therefore, regardless of the timing of carbohydrate intake, it is likely that carbohydrate intake before exercise promotes its utilization as a major energy (2,4,5,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), although other studies showed no effect (14,15). Tokmakidis and Karamanolis (10) reported that the ingestion of a glucose solution (1 g·kg body mass 21 ) at 15 min before exercise improves endurance running capacity.…”

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The Effect of the Timing of Meal Intake on Energy Metabolism during Moderate Exercise

Sasaki

Nakae²,

Ebine

et al. 2014

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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During exercise, the energy consumed in muscle tissue is mainly supplied by carbohydrates (CHO) and fats. In regard to health promotion and athletic sports, it is important to regulate the metabolism of these two substrates. Fats are supplied by meals, and also by adipose tissues, but CHO must be acquired from meals before exercise because little is stored as glycogen in the liver or muscle tissue. Previous studies have been conducted on the ergogenic effects of CHO feeding before exercise (1-10). It was reported that CHO solution (such as glucose and maltodextrin) feeding before exercise can improve exercise performance through enhanced endurance exercise capacity (2,4,5,10). Moreover, it was also reported that CHO mixed meal feeding before exercise can improve endurance exercise capacity (7,9,11).The intake of CHO elevates the secretion of insulin from the pancreas into the blood. Glucose and insulin in plasma reach a peak approximately 30 min after the ingestion of CHO and thereafter gradually decrease to the basal level. Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells via the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and then increases CHO oxidation. On the other hand, insulin prevents fat oxidation in muscle tissue by inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity (12). Hyperinsulinemia tends to supply energy with a predominance of CHO over fats as the energy source in the initial period during exercise (7). Previous studies have shown, by examining timing of carbohydrate intake before exercise, that a shorter time from intake to exercise increases blood glucose and insulin levels at the start of exercise and these factors gradually decrease after the start of exercise (9, 10). Moreover, Chryssanthopoulos et al. (5) have reported that glucose intake at 30 min before exercise causes a rapid reduction of blood glucose after the beginning of exercise. On the other hand, Coyle et al. (13) have shown that carbohydrate utilization during exercise is higher under the condition of meal intake at 4 h before exercise compared with the fasting condition. Therefore, regardless of the timing of carbohydrate intake, it is likely that carbohydrate intake before exercise promotes its utilization as a major energy Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan (Received June 5, 2013) Summary Although the intake of carbohydrates is important for the supplementation of energy substrate utilized during exercise, fat oxidation is possibly prevented by an elevation of insulin, and whether or not the timing of the intake of meals affects energy metabolism during exercise has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the timing of the intake of meals taken at different times before exercise on the carbohydrate and fat metabolism during aerobic exercise. The subjects were eight young trained athletes who performed cycling exercise at the lactate threshold (LT) intensity for 60 min. They performe...

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The Effect of the Timing of Meal Intake on Energy Metabolism during Moderate Exercise

Sasaki

Nakae²,

Ebine

et al. 2014

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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“…More recently, researchers have begun manipulating the timing of pre-exercise nutrition to determine the effects on subsequent exercise performance. 19 The majority of pre-exercise nutritional studies have examined carbohydrate-only administration in liquid form, and its subsequent effect on steady-state endurance cycling performance. 12,14 However, a liquid carbohydrate drink may not be representative of all pre-exercise nutritional practices, since many athletes may choose to consume a solid meal or energy bar and not necessarily a liquid carbohydrate drink.…”

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Effects of timing of pre-exercise nutrient intake on glucose responses and intermittent cycling performance

Pritchett¹,

Bishop²,

Pritchett³

et al. 2008

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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The position statements of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Dietetic Association (ADA) have concluded that the recommendations on carbohydrate consumption within 1 hour prior to activity are questionable.1 It is well known that carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during exercise can enhance performance when the exercise duration is longer than 45 minutes. 7 Research on the impact of pre-exercise nutrition on performance, especially within an hour prior to exercise, remains controversial. 14 Studies have shown increases, 11,17,22,24,25 no effect, 4,7,8,13,23 or even decreases in performance 10,14 after CHO ingestion within the hour prior to exercise. More recently, researchers have begun manipulating the timing of pre-exercise nutrition to determine the effects on subsequent exercise performance. 19The majority of pre-exercise nutritional studies have examined carbohydrate-only administration in liquid form, and its subsequent effect on steady-state endurance cycling performance. 12,14However, a liquid carbohydrate drink may not be representative of all pre-exercise nutritional practices, since many athletes may choose to consume a solid meal or energy bar and not necessarily a liquid carbohydrate drink. Many of these energy bars are marketed as nutritional fuel support for exercise, and are accompanied by suggestions for consumption before, during, and after exercise.Furthermore, most commercial nutritional bars and supplements being used by athletes consist of a blend of different percentages of the macronutrients, yet little research has examined the effects of a blend of the macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat) typical of most nutritional bars on exercise performance. 20 Controversy exists over the optimal composition and quantity of macronutrients as well as the optimal timing of nutrient intake in the hour prior to exercise. 14,20Little research has looked at mixed-nutrient nutritional bars and the timing of their ingestion before intermittent high-intensity exercise.Therefore, it would be inappropriate to generalise the results seen in steady-state cycling to apply to intermittent sporting events as well.Examining high-intensity intermittent exercise would be more repre- results. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose response at rest or during exercise among the three treatments (CON, 15MPE and 60MPE). There were no significant differences in mean power (MP) between the three trials.conclusions. Pre-exercise nutrient feedings at 15 minutes or 60 minutes before exercise did not affect intermittent cycling performance or blood glucose concentration. These results suggest that the time of ingestion, within 1 hour prior to exercise, of a complex carbohydrate similar in composition and volume used in this study does not impact on performance.

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Competition Nutrition

Burke¹

2011

Sport and Exercise Nutrition

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Effects of timing of pre-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance

Cited by 60 publications

References 35 publications

The Effect of the Timing of Meal Intake on Energy Metabolism during Moderate Exercise

The Effect of the Timing of Meal Intake on Energy Metabolism during Moderate Exercise

Effects of timing of pre-exercise nutrient intake on glucose responses and intermittent cycling performance

Competition Nutrition

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