Effects of Thermal Cycle and Ultraviolet Radiation on 3D Printed Carbon Fiber/Polyether Ether Ketone Ablator

Abdullah, Farhan; Okuyama, Keiichi; Morimitsu, Akito; Yamagata, Naofumi

doi:10.3390/aerospace7070095

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…While these requirements at first glance suggest using metals, these are damaged by atomic oxygen which is available in LEO [14,15], making objects from pure polymers or polymer coatings often more reliable. Amongst them, several applications are based on polyether ether ketone, a high-temperature polymer which was successfully in thermal cycles from −70 • C to +140 • C, making it suitable as a heat shield material for the re-entry of microsatellites or other spacecraft [16]. Other authors tested in addition polyetherimide (PEI) ULTEM 9085, PEI modified ULTEM 1010, and poly(ether ketone ketone) and found these materials also to withstand a short heat flux of 100 W cm −2 for 30 s, making them also suitable for the potential use as heat shields [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating inexpensive polymeric 3D printed materials under extreme thermal conditions

Storck

Ehrmann²,

Uthoff

et al. 2022

Mater. Futures

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3D printing is nowadays used for many applications far beyond pure rapid prototyping. As tools to prepare custom-made objects which may be highly complex, different 3D printing techniques have emerged into areas of application where the mechanical, thermal, optical and other properties have to meet high requirements. Amongst them, applications for space, e.g. for microsatellites, make extreme demands regarding the stability under high temperatures. Nevertheless, polymeric 3D printed materials have several advantages for space application in comparison with metal objects. Here we thus investigate the impact of temperatures up to 85 °C and 185 °C, respectively, on typical 3D printing materials for fused deposition modeling (FDM) or stereolithography (SLA). The materials are found to differ strongly in terms of mechanical properties and dimensional stability after the treatment at higher temperature, with SLA resins and co-polyester (CPE) showing the best dimensional stability, while acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and SLA resin after long UV post-treatment have the best mechanical properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating inexpensive polymeric 3D printed materials under extreme thermal conditions

Storck

Ehrmann²,

Uthoff

et al. 2022

Mater. Futures

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Both metals and polymers are not easily chosen for such conditions—while metals may be impaired by atomic oxygen in the LEO and impaired by cosmic rays, many polymers have glass transition temperatures that are too low or suffer from mechanical problems upon temperature cycling [ 21 , 22 ]. This is why polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is often used, a high-temperature material that was suggested as a heat shield for the re-entry of microsatellites since it could withstand temperature cycles between −70 °C and +140 °C [ 23 ]. In another study, further high-temperature polymers were tested, such as polyetherimide (PEI) ULTEM 9085, PEI-modified ULTEM 1010, or poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK), and also found suitable for similar thermal conditions [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Low-Cost FDM-Printed Polymers for Elevated-Temperature Applications

Storck

Ehrmann²,

Güth

et al. 2022

Polymers

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While fused deposition modeling (FDM) and other relatively inexpensive 3D printing methods are nowadays used in many applications, the possible areas of using FDM-printed objects are still limited due to mechanical and thermal constraints. Applications for space, e.g., for microsatellites, are restricted by the usually insufficient heat resistance of the typical FDM printing materials. Printing high-temperature polymers, on the other hand, necessitates special FDM printers, which are not always available. Here, we show investigations of common polymers, processible on low-cost FDM printers, under elevated temperatures of up to 160 °C for single treatments. The polymers with the highest dimensional stability and mechanical properties after different temperature treatments were periodically heat-treated between -40 °C and +80 °C in cycles of 90 min, similar to the temperature cycles a microsatellite in the low Earth orbit (LEO) experiences. While none of the materials under investigation fully maintains its dimensions and mechanical properties, filled poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments were found most suitable for applications under these thermal conditions.

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“…Depending on its different magnitude and period time, the exposure to temperature of 3D-printed composites could affect the mechanical behavior of the materials differently. Researchers usually use different thermal cycling profiles to study the behavior of aerospace vehicles such as satellite components, which depend on their case study or thermal cycling test apparatus [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At various temperatures, experimental photos from post-mortem photographs, scanning electron microscopy, and high-speed films were used to investigate various failure behaviors such as micro-buckling, kinking, and fiber breakage. In more recent experimental research by [ 6 ], 3D-printed CF/PEEK was exposed to thermal cycling and then evaluated using tensile and arc heating tests. It was reported that the thermal cycle resulted in decreased tensile strength and the length of the samples increased after the heating test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Effects on Mechanical Strength of Additive Manufactured CFRP Composites at Stable and Cyclic Temperature

et al. 2022

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Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques can be applied to produce carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) elements. Such elements can be exposed to different environmental factors, e.g., temperature, moisture, and UV radiation, related to their operational conditions. From a variety of environmental factors, the temperature is one of the most typical. Temperature strongly influences matrix material joining together CFRP components, resulting in material strength reduction. Therefore, it is important to understand processes in the composite material caused by temperature. This experimental work investigated the thermal effects on the performances of AM CFRP composites. Specimens with unidirectional (UD) alignments of the fiber reinforcement were printed using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The printed specimens were subjected to two different thermal conditions: stable continuous at 65 ∘C and cyclic temperature between 50 and 70 ∘C. Tensile testing was performed to study the mechanical strength and Young’s modulus of AM UD-CFRPs. In order to investigate the morphological structure on the surface of AM specimens, an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and digital microscope were utilized. Untreated (intact) samples attained the highest average tensile strength value of 226.14 MPa and Young’s modulus of 28.65 GPa. The ultimate tensile strength of the sample group subjected to stable heat treatment decreased to 217.99 MPa, while the thermal cycling group reduced to 204.41 MPa. The Young’s modulus of the sample group subjected to stable thermal exposure was decreased to 25.39 GPa, while for the thermal cycling group, it was reduced to 20.75 GPa. The visual investigations revealed that the intact or untreated specimen group exhibited lateral damage in top failure mode (LAT), the thermally stable group underwent edge delamination in the middle (DGM) as the nominated failure mode, and the explosive breakage at gauge in the middle (XGM) failure mode occurred in the sample from the thermal cycling group. Based on morphological observations at the microscale, the delamination, fiber pull-out, and matrix cracking were the dominant damages in the 3D-printed tensile-tested specimens. The molecular chains of the polymer changed their structure into an amorphous one, and only local motions of stretching occurred when the specimens were exposed to stable heating (prolonged). In the case of thermal cycling, the strain gradients were accumulated in the matrix material, and the local stresses increased as a result of the reheating and re-cooling exposure of the polymeric composites; the molecular motion of the long-range polymer structure was reactivated several times. Micro-cracking occurred as a result of internal stresses, which led to material failure and a reduction of the mechanical properties.

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Effects of Thermal Cycle and Ultraviolet Radiation on 3D Printed Carbon Fiber/Polyether Ether Ketone Ablator

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Investigating inexpensive polymeric 3D printed materials under extreme thermal conditions

Investigating inexpensive polymeric 3D printed materials under extreme thermal conditions

Investigation of Low-Cost FDM-Printed Polymers for Elevated-Temperature Applications

Thermal Effects on Mechanical Strength of Additive Manufactured CFRP Composites at Stable and Cyclic Temperature

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