Effects of the taurine transport antagonist, guanidinoethane sulfonate, and β‐alanine on the morphology of rat retina

Pasantes‐Morales, Herminia; Quesada, O.; Cárabez, A.; Huxtable, Ryan J.

doi:10.1002/jnr.490090205

Cited by 85 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Cocker and Lake (32) have also suggested from their kinetic analysis of ERGs that ERG abnor malities in GES-treated rats are induced by a simple change in the resistive pathway common to both a and b-waves, that is not a transmission system but the re sponsiveness of photoreceptor cells. In agreement with our results, several morphological studies have also shown that taurine deficiency induced by GES leads to the degeneration of pigment epithelium and photore ceptor cells, mainly the rod outer segment (24,(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), which is accompanied by ERG abnormalities (28)(29)(30). Since it has been suggested that taurine transport to the retina is regulated by pigment epithelium (35) and it is well-known that photoreceptor cells have well-de veloped ability for renewal of the cell membrane (36), infusion of taurine, therefore, is thought to exert a be neficial effect on the regenerative function of photore ceptor cells by recovering the taurine concentration in the retina via the pigment epithelium.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In general, because of the well-developed ability of taurine synthesis in rats (18,19), it is not possible to produce taurine-deficient rats only by elimination of dietary taurine. However, treatment of rats with guanidinoethyl sulfonate (GES), a transport inhibitor of taurine, has been reported to elicit taurine depletion in many tissues including the retina (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), in which there is retinal degeneration, especially in the photoreceptor cells (24,26,27). Fur thermore, these taurine-depleted rats exhibit ERG abnor malities characterized by reduced amplitudes in the b and/or a-waves (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Beneficial Effect of Intravenous Taurine Infusion on Electroretinographic Disorder in Taurine Deficient Rats

Shimada

Tanaka

Hasegawa

et al. 1992

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

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ABSTRACT-We investigated the effect of intravenous taurine infusion on the electroretinogram (ERG) of taurine-deficient rats produced by treatment with guanidinoethyl sulfonate (GES), a taurine transport inhibitor. Mother rats were fed a taurine-free diet and given drinking water containing 1% GES from 2 weeks of gestation to weaning. The same feeding conditions were applied to male offspring after weaning. Both ERG measurement and continuous infusion of taurine at a dose of 10, 30 or 100 mg/animal/day were performed for 3 weeks from 7 to 10 weeks of age. GES-treatment reduced a and b-wave amplitudes to 50% of the control levels and also increased b-wave latencies. Intravenous infu sion of taurine improved these ERG abnormalities in a dose-dependent manner. Taurine concentrations in plasma, eyes and brain were also decreased by treatment with GES, and dose-dependent recovery was observed after infusion with taurine, although the concentrations of other amino acids were not affected by GES-treatment and infusion of taurine. Observations of morphological changes revealed that the retinal damage in GES-treated animals was decreased by taurine infusion. These results indi cate that the changes in ERG and retinal structure observed in taurine deficiency are improved by in travenous infusion of taurine.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effect of Intravenous Taurine Infusion on Electroretinographic Disorder in Taurine Deficient Rats

Shimada

Tanaka

Hasegawa

et al. 1992

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

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“…1,12 In mice, we have documented that the topography of photoreceptor loss induced by taurine depletion resembles that observed after light damage, as it is greater in the dorsal retina. 6 Several authors have suggested a direct relationship between taurine depletion and light sensitivity of retinal neurons.…”

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confidence: 96%

“…Chronic pharmacological treatment with b-alanine or guanidoethane sulfonate (GES) is necessary to induce taurine depletion in rodents, 1,6,[12][13][14] because their endogenous taurine synthesis is higher than in other species, such as cats, humans, or monkeys. 1,12 In mice, we have documented that the topography of photoreceptor loss induced by taurine depletion resembles that observed after light damage, as it is greater in the dorsal retina.…”

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confidence: 99%

Taurine Depletion Causes ipRGC Loss and Increases Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration

García‐Ayuso

Pierdomenico

Hadj-Saïd

et al. 2018

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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METHODS. Albino rats received b-alanine in the drinking water to induce taurine depletion. One month later, half of the animals were exposed to white light (3000 lux) continuously for 48 hours and the rest remained in normal environmental conditions. A control group of animals nontreated with b-alanine also was prepared, and half of them were exposed to light using the same protocol. All the animals were processed 2 months after the beginning of the experiment. Retinas were dissected as wholemounts and immunodetected with antibodies against Brn3a, melanopsin, S-opsin, and L-opsin to label different retinal populations: Brn3a þ retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) (image-forming RGCs), m þ RGCs (non-image-forming RGCs), and S-and L/M-cones, respectively. RESULTS. Light exposure did not affect the numbers of Brn3aþ RGCs or m þ RGCs but diminished the numbers of S-and L/M-cones and caused the appearance of rings devoid of cones, mainly in an ''arciform'' area in the superotemporal retina. Taurine depletion caused a diminution of all the studied populations, with m þ RGCs the most affected, followed by Scones. Light exposure under taurine depletion increased photoreceptor degeneration but did not seem to increase Brn3a þ RGCs or m þ RGCs loss. CONCLUSIONS.Our results document that taurine is necessary for cell survival in the rat retina and even more under light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Thus, taurine supplementation may help to prevent retinal degenerations, especially those that commence with S-cone degeneration or in which light may be an etiologic factor, such as inherited retinal degenerations, AMD, or glaucoma.

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“…Accumulation of cys teine as cystine can be considered as another potential mechanism in the accumulation of -SH radicals in a nonmetabolizing form, al though high intracellular cysteine/cystine ra tios have been reported [3], Taurine is the most controversial sulphur amino acid; thus, its plasma or tissue concentrations are higher than those of other sulphur amino acids [4][5][6][7]. Several metabolic functions are attrib uted to taurine: it is considered as a neurotransmitter [8], a modulator of ionic fluxes in the retina [9]; it is also believed to increase membrane permeability to ions in cardiac muscle [10], but the most specific action of taurine is to conjugate with cholesterol to form bile acids [11]. The unknown metabolization of taurine and its presence in all tis sues [1,7] support its potential essential role in metabolism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulphur Amino Acid Levels in Some Tissues of the Rat during Pregnancy and Lactation

López-Tejero¹,

Pastor‐Anglada²,

Remesar³

1987

Ann Nutr Metab

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Variations in free sulphur amino acid content in some rat tissues have been measured during pregnancy and lactation. As a general trend, sulphur amino acids tend to accumulate in tissues in late pregnancy. This accumulation is quantitatively more important in the liver and striated muscle than in the skin and the kidneys. Among sulphur amino acids, taurine shows the most marked changes, with a maximum accumulation in the liver and striated muscle on day 19 of pregnancy. After delivery, the levels of amino acids in the tissue pools show a tendency to drop, especially in liver and striated muscle. As expected, taurine shows the most marked decrease, returning to normal values in muscle but decreasing to depletion in the liver on day 20 after delivery. These results can be interpreted as follows: during pregnancy, increased food intake is sufficient to accommodate the metabolic needs of the mother, but during lactation, the requirements of milk synthesis promote the release of these amino acids from the tissues.

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Effects of the taurine transport antagonist, guanidinoethane sulfonate, and β‐alanine on the morphology of rat retina

Cited by 85 publications

References 13 publications

Beneficial Effect of Intravenous Taurine Infusion on Electroretinographic Disorder in Taurine Deficient Rats

Beneficial Effect of Intravenous Taurine Infusion on Electroretinographic Disorder in Taurine Deficient Rats

Taurine Depletion Causes ipRGC Loss and Increases Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration

Sulphur Amino Acid Levels in Some Tissues of the Rat during Pregnancy and Lactation

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