Effects of the Schirmer test on the fibrinolytic system in the tear fluid

Setten, G.‐B. van; Stephens, Ross W.; Tervo, Timo; Salonen, Eeva‐Marjatta; Tarkkanen, Ahti; Vaheri, Antti

doi:10.1016/0014-4835(90)90223-h

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Hcy is found both in plasma and in cells and Schirmer strips might therefore lead to spuriously high levels of Hcy in tears. The use of a capillary tube for tear collection is much less invasive [34] , allows collection of larger volumes of tear fluid than with the Schirmer strip [35] , and is therefore the suggested method of choice for tear collection. There is currently no suitable method available for collection of basal tears for biochemical analysis [33] .…”

Section: Laboratory Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They compared basal tears with reflex tears as sources of tear fluid, and Schirmer strips with capillary tubes as collection methods. The Schirmer strips have the disadvantage that they are associated with direct conjunctival contact and therefore risk of vascular transudation and cell damage with leakage of plasma and intracellular constituents [34,35] . Hcy is found both in plasma and in cells and Schirmer strips might therefore lead to spuriously high levels of Hcy in tears.…”

Section: Laboratory Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased Homocysteine Levels in Tear Fluid of Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

et al. 2008

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Aims: We assessed homocysteine (Hcy) levels in tear fluid and plasma of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We determined the association between Hcy levels, dry eye syndrome and B vitamin status. Methods: This prospective case-control study included 36 patients with POAG and 36 controls. Hcy concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Patients with POAG had significantly higher mean Hcy levels both in tear fluid (205 ± 84 nmol/l; p < 0.001, t test) and in plasma (13.43 ± 3.53 µmol/l; p = 0.001, t test) than control subjects (130 ± 53 nmol/l and 10.50 ± 3.33 µmol/l, respectively). Hcy in tear fluid was significantly correlated with plasma Hcy in POAG patients (r = 0.459; p = 0.005, Pearson’s correlation), but not in controls (r = 0.068; p = 0.695). POAG patients with dry eye disease had significantly higher Hcy levels both in tear fluid and plasma than POAG patients without dry eye disease. There was no association between Hcy levels and B vitamin status in subjects with POAG. Conclusions: The study suggests increased Hcy levels in tear fluid and plasma of patients with POAG. Elevated Hcy levels might be a risk factor for POAG and dry eye syndrome in subjects with glaucoma.

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Section: Laboratory Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laboratory Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Homocysteine Levels in Tear Fluid of Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

et al. 2008

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“…The tests were performed with standardised filter paper (Cooper Vision Ltd, Southampton) which was placed behind the third temporal of the lower lid, 5 mm in contact with the conjunctiva, the other 35 mm overhanging the lid margin. '5 16 The stability of the precorneal tear film was assessed through the breakup time test (BUT). '7 18 Applying 1% fluorescein to the temporal conjunctiva the tear film became green; the interval, in seconds, between the last blink and the development of the first randomly distributed dry drops was defined as the BUT.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of topical ketanserin administration on intraocular pressure.

Costagliola

Iuliano

Rinaldi

et al. 1993

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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The effect of topical ketanserin on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive and hypertensive eyes was evaluated. The study was performed on 10 healthy volunteers and 10 glaucomatous patients. Systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP), diastolic arterial blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), IOP, tonographic outflow facility, pupil diameter, corneal thickness, and tear secretion were recorded at baseline and at 1 hour intervals for 12 hours after topical administration of 0-5% ketanserin or placebo, given in a randomised, double masked, crossover fashion. The alternative treatment was given 1 week later. In ali subjects ketanserin significantly lowered IOP, while no variations in SBP, DBP, HR, pupil diameter, corneal thickness, and tear secretion were found. When subjects received placebo no significant variations of lOP occurred. Total outflow facility, measured by conventional tonography, increased significantly after drug administration in all subjects. Ketanserin is effective up to 6 hours in control subjects and 9 hours in glaucomatous patients. The placebo did not induce any change in this component of the aqueous humour dynamic in normal or in glaucomatous eyes. The findings indicate that topical ketanserin might be added to the list of antiglaucomatous agents. (BrJ Ophthalmol 1993; 77: 344-348) Eye Clinic,

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“…erosion, corneal bacterial ulcers, allergic reactions or alkaline corrosions (Berman et al 1980;Salonen et al 1988;Tervo et al 1988). Even otherwise innocent challenges to the ocular surface such as performance of the Schirmer test (van Setten et al 1990) or contact lens wear Virtanen et al 1994) can influence tear fluid plasmin activity. Plasmin is probably needed for normal epithelial remodelling and wound healing (Berman et al 1980, Tervo et al 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tear fluid plasmin activity of dry eye patients with Sjögren's syndrome

Virtanen

Konttinen

Honkanen

et al. 1997

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT. Thirty-two eyes of 16 patients with verified Sjogren's syndrome were examined for clinical signs of dry eye. Tear fluid samples were collected for plasmin assay. Ophthalmologic examinations included estimation of conjunctival or corneal discharge, filament formation and presence of conjunctival or corneal epithelial defects, assessment of tear meniscus height and measurement of tear fluid break-up time, Schirmer test, and fluorescein and Rose-Bengal staining graded by the van Bijsterveld score. Tear fluid plasmin activity (IU/I) was determined by a fluorometric assay and tear fluid flow (pl/min) was measured for calculation of tear fluid plasmin activity release (pIU/min). All patients had relatively dry eyes; the mean Schirmer test value was 5.7 f 0.5 mm/5 min. The mean tear fluid break-up time was also low, 7.7 f 0.5 s. The mean Bijsterveld score value was 2.5 k 0.5. Because collection of tear fluid by microcapillaries for the plasmin assay was difficult due to the low tear fluid flow rate, it was necessary to drop 20 pl of balanced salt solution topically on the cornea to aspirate a tear fluid sample. Despite this, the mean tear fluid plasmin activity was higher than in control individuals (7.75 k 1.51 IU/I vs. 0.73, range 0.64-0.80 IU/l). On the basis of these findings we conclude that elevated tear fluid proteolytic activity may play a role in the pathology of dry eye/ocular surface disease.

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Effects of the Schirmer test on the fibrinolytic system in the tear fluid

Cited by 30 publications

References 28 publications

Increased Homocysteine Levels in Tear Fluid of Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Increased Homocysteine Levels in Tear Fluid of Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Effect of topical ketanserin administration on intraocular pressure.

Tear fluid plasmin activity of dry eye patients with Sjögren's syndrome

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