Effects of the human antiepileptic drug carbamazepine on the behavior, biomarkers, and heat shock proteins in the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea

Chronic toxicity of the antiepileptic carbamazepine on the clam Ruditapes philippinarum

“…Gosling (2003) reported that bivalves can isolate their tissues from the external environment by closing their valves thus, protecting themselves against contaminants. The closure of valves in the presence of CBZ was also observed by Chen et al (2014) when submitting the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea to 5 and 50 μg/L of CBZ, during 30 days, indicating that the exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations is enough to alter the siphoning behavior in these clams. With this strategy, that seems to be used as a last resort, and that was observed only at the highest concentration (9.00 μg/L) the clams try to mitigate the deleterious effects that an excessive accumulation of CBZ would trigger; however, the tested lowest concentrations appear not to be high enough to activate this mechanism.…”

“…Similarly, Martin-Diaz et al (2009) reported no significant alteration on CAT activity in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to CBZ (10 μg/L, 7 days). On the other hand, Chen et al (2014) observed that the increase in CAT activity after exposure of the clam C. fluminea to CBZ (5 and 50 μg/L, 30 days) was due to the hydrogen peroxide formation resulting from the increase in superoxide anion production and its conversion by SOD. Our findings may indicate that the hydrogen peroxide produced by SOD is possibly being converted not by CAT but by another enzyme with the same role, as glutathione peroxidase (GPx).…”

“…Recent studies assessing the chronic toxicity of drugs have been showing higher toxicity than the acute tests, revealing that aquatic organisms of different species (e.g. algae, crustaceans, fish) can be impaired even when exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of drugs (Martin-Diaz et al, 2009;Li et al, 2010;Aguirre-Martínez et al, 2013a;Tsiaka et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2014).…”

“…Despite the literature concerning CBZ toxicity, the impact of CBZ on aquatic organisms is still poorly studied (Chen et al, 2014). The present study aimed to determine the effects of a chronic exposure (28 days) to environmentally relevant concentrations of CBZ (0.00-9.00 μg/L) in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum.…”

“…Oetken et al, 2005;Zhang et al, 2012). Moreover, chronic studies performed with environmental concentrations have shown that CBZ can affect multiple oxidative and biochemical pathways in bivalves, with significant deleterious effects (Martin-Diaz et al, 2009;Contardo-Jara et al, 2011;Chen et al, 2014). The impact of CBZ was reported in other species, namely algae (Tsiaka et al, 2013), crustacean (Aguirre-Martínez et al, 2013a) and fish (Gagné et al, 2006a;Li et al, 2009Li et al, , 2010.…”