Effects of the forage to concentrate ratio on B-vitamin concentrations in different ruminal fractions of dairy cows

Santschi, D.E.; Chiquette, J.; Berthiaume, R.; Martineau, R.; Matte, J. J.; Mustafa, A. F.; Girard, C.L.

doi:10.4141/a05-012

Cited by 48 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It was concluded that NAM is the main transport form of niacin in blood (Henderson, 1983). In addition, Santschi et al (2005b) estimated that only 5% of supplemental nicotinic acid is bioavailable. Morey et al (2011) suggested most supplemented NA is converted to NAM after absorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feeding diets containing high levels of concentrate increased the ruminal niacin concentration (Hayes et al, 1966;Nilson et al, 1967;Girard, 1994). Santschi et al (2005b) assumed that ruminal niacin supply depends on diet composition, and that there are indications that the metabolism of supplemental niacin is influenced. Although it was presumed that ruminal niacin synthesis is sufficient for dairy cows with average performance level (Girard, 1998;GfE, 2001), this is possibly not always the case (Flachowsky, 1993;Girard & Matte, 2005;Breves & Lebzien, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of niacin supplementation (40 weeks) and two dietary levels of concentrate on performance, blood and fatty acid profiles of dairy cattle

Rauls¹,

Meyer²,

Hüther³

et al. 2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of 24 g niacin (nicotinic acid (NA)) supplementation over 40 weeks with two forage-to-concentrate ratios (60% concentrate vs. 30% in the total diet) on performance variables of energy metabolism such as plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose and nicotinamide (NAM), and the fatty acid profile in rumen fluid. In a 2 x 2 factorial design, 64 German Holstein cows were divided postpartum into four dietary groups: i) 60% concentrate supplemented with 24 g NA (Group 60 + NA); ii) 60% concentrate without NA (Group 60−); iii) 30% concentrate with 24 g NA (Group 30 + NA) and iv) 30% concentrate without NA (Group 30−). The experiment started on the day of calving and continued for 40 weeks. Niacin supplementation did not affect milk yield or composition. The plasma niacin content increased in the supplemented groups, especially Group 30 + NA. Niacin supplementation led to decreased plasma glucose concentrations. The interaction of concentrate x niacin enhanced the molar proportion of propionic acid in rumen fluid in Group 60 + NA. Total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were increased by level of concentrate, niacin supplementation and the interaction, concentrate x niacin. Plasma levels of NEFA and BHB remained unaffected. In sum, concentrate level, niacin supplementation and the interaction of concentrate x niacin increased plasma NAM concentration, whereas plasma glucose concentration was decreased by niacin supplementation. ______________________________________________________________________________________

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of niacin supplementation (40 weeks) and two dietary levels of concentrate on performance, blood and fatty acid profiles of dairy cattle

Rauls¹,

Meyer²,

Hüther³

et al. 2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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“…Both 'true' (CBL) and total (CBL + analogs) vitamin B 12 were also measured by radioassays using either pig intrinsic factor (Sigma) or cow saliva as binding proteins as described by Santschi et al (2005) except that 5 µl of NaCN 1 M per ml of solution was added during the extraction process. Intrinsic factor binds preferentially CBL, whereas haptocorrin present in saliva binds most corrinoids (Combs, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to CBL, six cobamides, molecules in which the 5,6-DMB in the nucleotide moiety is replaced by other bases and one cobinamide (COB), which lacks the nucleotide moiety have been detected in bovine ruminal content, duodenal and ileal digesta, and feces (Dryden and Hartman, 1971;Girard et al, 2009aGirard et al, , 2009b. Increasing the proportion of forages in the diet has frequently been reported to increase CBL in rumen without effect on total vitamin B 12 (CBL + analogs; Sutton and Elliot, 1972;Walker and Elliot, 1972;Santschi et al, 2005). Moreover, apparent ruminal synthesis of CBL is negatively correlated with rumen pH (Schwab et al, 2006), starch disappearance (Sutton and Elliot, 1972) or starch intake (Schwab et al, 2006) and positively correlated with ADF or NDF intakes (Sutton and Elliot, 1972;Schwab et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementing lactating dairy cows with a vitamin B12 precursor, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, increases the apparent ruminal synthesis of vitamin B12

Brito

Chiquette

Stabler

et al. 2015

Animal

Self Cite

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Cobalamin (CBL), the biologically active form of vitamin B 12 , and its analogs, are produced by bacteria only if cobalt supply is adequate. The analogs differ generally by the nucleotide moiety of the molecule. In CBL, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (5,6-DMB) is the base in the nucleotide moiety. The present study aimed to determine if a supplement of 5,6-DMB could increase utilization of dietary cobalt for synthesis of CBL and change ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, omasal flow of nutrients and ruminal protozoa counts. Eight ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (mean ± standard deviation = 238 ± 21 days in milk and 736 ± 47 kg of BW) were used in a crossover design. Cows were randomly assigned to a daily supplement of a gelatin capsule containing 1.5 g of 5,6-DMB via the rumen cannula or no supplement. Each period lasted 29 days and consisted of 21 days for treatment adaptation and 8 days for data and samples collection. Five corrinoids, CBL and four cobamides were detected in the total mixed ration and the omasal digesta from both treatments. The dietary supplement of 5,6-DMB increased (P = 0.02) apparent ruminal synthesis of CBL from 14.6 to 19.6 (s.e.m. 0.8) mg/day but had no effect (P > 0.1) on apparent ruminal synthesis of the four analogs. The supplement of 5,6-DMB had no effect (P > 0.1) on milk production and composition, or on protozoal count, ruminal pH and concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen in rumen content. The supplement had also no effect (P > 0.1) on intake, omasal flow and apparent ruminal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF, ADF and nitrogenous fractions. Plasma concentration of CBL was not affected by treatments (P = 0.98). Providing a preformed part of the CBL molecule, that is, 5,6-DMB, increased by 34% the apparent ruminal synthesis of CBL by ruminal bacteria but had no effect on ruminal fermentation or protozoa count and it was not sufficient to increase plasma concentrations of the vitamin. Even though the efficiency of cobalt utilization for apparent synthesis of CBL was increased from 2.0% to 2.7% by the 5,6-DMB supplement, this improved efficiency was still very low. Further research is needed to identify the factors affecting efficiency of utilization of cobalt for synthesis of CBL by the bacterial populations in rumen.Keywords: dairy cow, vitamin B 12 , cobalt, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, ruminal microflora ImplicationsUnlike other B vitamins, vitamin B 12 is not present in plants and is produced only by bacteria if cobalt supply is adequate. Therefore, dairy cows rely on synthesis of the vitamin by the bacteria present in rumen to cover their requirements. However, the proportion of cobalt used for these syntheses is low. Providing a preformed part of the vitamin B 12 molecule (5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole) increased by 34% apparent synthesis of the vitamin by ruminal bacteria but failed to increase substantially efficiency of cobalt utilization. The results highlight the lack of knowledge on nutritional factors driving ruminal pr...

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“…Since then, studies have been conducted looking at the effects of different forage-to-concentrate ratios (Conrad and Hibbs, 1954;Sutton and Elliot, 1972;Santschi et al, 2005b;Schwab et al, 2006), grain processing (Hunt et al, 1941;Hayes et al, 1966), sources of nitrogen (Hollis et al, 1954) or concentrations of non-fiber carbohydrates (Schwab et al, 2006) on ruminal concentrations or duodenal flow (DF) of B vitamins. Nevertheless, knowledge on factors affecting B-vitamin supplies from diet or ruminal synthesis in dairy cows is still very limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-concentrate diets based on forages harvested at different maturity stages affect ruminal synthesis of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows

Castagnino

Kammes

Allen

et al. 2017

Animal

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Effects of plant maturity on apparent ruminal synthesis and post-ruminal supply of B vitamins were evaluated in two feeding trials. Diets containing alfalfa (Trial 1) or orchardgrass (Trial 2) silages harvested either (1) early cut, less mature (EC) or (2) late cut, more mature (LC) as the sole forage were offered to ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating Holstein cows in crossover design experiments. In Trial 1, conducted with 16 cows (569 ± 43 kg of empty BW (ruminal content removed) and 43.7 ± 8.6 kg/day of 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield; mean ± SD) in two 17-day treatment periods, both diets provided~22% forage NDF and 27% total NDF, and the forage-to-concentrate ratios were 53 : 47 and 42 : 58 for EC and LC, respectively. In Trial 2, conducted with 13 cows (588 ± 55 kg of empty BW and 43.7 ± 7.7 kg/day of 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield; mean ± SD) in two 18-day treatment periods, both diets provided~25% forage NDF and 31% total NDF; the forage-to-concentrate ratios were 58 : 42 and 46 : 54 for EC and LC, respectively. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B 6 , folates and vitamin B 12 were measured in feed and duodenal content. Apparent ruminal synthesis was calculated as the duodenal flow minus the intake. Diets based on EC alfalfa decreased the amounts of thiamin, niacin and folates reaching the duodenum, whereas diets based on EC orchardgrass increased riboflavin duodenal flow. Daily apparent ruminal synthesis of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin B 6 were correlated negatively with their intake, suggesting a microbial regulation of their concentration in the rumen. Vitamin B 12 apparent ruminal synthesis was correlated negatively with total volatile fatty acids concentration, but positively with ruminal pH and microbial N duodenal flow.

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Effects of the forage to concentrate ratio on B-vitamin concentrations in different ruminal fractions of dairy cows

Cited by 48 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of niacin supplementation (40 weeks) and two dietary levels of concentrate on performance, blood and fatty acid profiles of dairy cattle

Effects of niacin supplementation (40 weeks) and two dietary levels of concentrate on performance, blood and fatty acid profiles of dairy cattle

Supplementing lactating dairy cows with a vitamin B12 precursor, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, increases the apparent ruminal synthesis of vitamin B12

High-concentrate diets based on forages harvested at different maturity stages affect ruminal synthesis of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows

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