Effects of the estrous cycle and pregnancy status on cardiovascular variables in healthy bitches

Ward, Jessica; Mochel, Jonathan P.; Seo, Yeon‐Jung; Sathe, Swanand

doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2020.05.004

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 51 publications

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“…The exact aetiology remains unknown; however, it was speculated to be related to different stresses acquired throughout life such as pregnancies and fluctuating levels of cardioprotective oestrogen (Youssef 2021). The role of oestrogen in the cardiovascular system of dogs however was unclear, while inconsistent findings on changes in the level of heart rate, cardiac output level, and echocardiographic findings during pregnancy made the exact role of hemodynamic stress on the risk of heart disease in dogs remains unclear (Brooks and Keil 1994;Olsson et al 2003;Abbott 2010;Blanco et al 2011;de Souza et al 2017;Ward et al 2020). However, in neutered dogs, although other cardiac parameters were indifferent, higher blood triglyceride (TG) and very-low-density lipoprotein (vLDL) was found compared to intact dogs, implying the lost role of oestrogen in the synthesis of antioxidant and atherosclerosis-preventing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (Boonyapakorn et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Pet Dogs Attended At a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Malaysia

2022

Int J Vet Sci

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The distribution and risk factors of canine heart disease in Malaysia are still not widely studied. This retrospective study examined the distribution of common canine heart diseases and the role of gender, age group, and breed size as risk factors of the dogs in a teaching hospital in Malaysia. Medical records of all dogs presented between 2013 and 2020 with a heart disease diagnosed were reviewed and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was carried out to identify the risk factors for canine heart diseases in general and based on specific disease. In a duration of 7 years, a total of 9255 dog cases were presented and 7.9% (n=734, 95% CI: 0.07-0.09) of the dogs were diagnosed with heart disease. Majority of heart disease cases were valvular disease (n=528, 95% CI: 0.05-0.06), followed by heartworm disease (n=113. 95% CI: 0.01-0.01), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n=90, 95% CI: 0.01-0.01). Senior (OR 3.54, 95% CI: 2.32-5.37) and small breed (OR 6.74, 95% CI: 4.51-10.1) dogs had higher risk for valvular disease, while large breed (OR 7.18, 95% CI: 4.00-13.01) dogs were at risk for heartworm disease. Male (OR 1.83, 95% CI:1.11-3.04) and large breed dogs (OR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.80-5.39) had greater risk for DCM, respectively. Gender, age group and breed size play important role in predicting the likelihood of heart diseases in dogs and are best to be applied in the context of specific heart diseases. Information obtained would assist clinicians with their clinical diagnosis of the heart disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Pet Dogs Attended At a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Malaysia

2022

Int J Vet Sci

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Effects of pregnancy on electrocardiographic, vasovagal tonus index, and echocardiographic variables in horses

Chompoosan,

Pongthaisong,

Kenchaiwong

et al. 2023

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Pregnancy affects maternal hemodynamics. The changes in autonomic nervous system activity for hemodynamics adaptation in pregnant horses are still unclear. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of pregnancy on electrocardiographic, vasovagal tonus index, and echocardiographic variables in horses. Materials and Methods: A total of 23 Thai native crossbred mares without any cardiac abnormalities were included in this study. The animals were assigned into two groups, a non-pregnant mare group (n =12) and a pregnant mare group (n = 11). Electrocardiogram recordings (paper speed = 25 mm/s and calibration = 10 mm/mV) were performed to obtain six limb leads (leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF). The vasovagal tonus index (VVTI) was calculated to assess variability in heart rate over short periods using just 20 consecutive beats. Cardiac structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography. Results: Heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, and T wave duration were significantly different between non-pregnant and pregnant horses (p < 0.05). Pregnant horses had significantly lower VVTI than non-pregnant (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in cardiac structures including % interventricular septum (IVS), % left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW), IVS in diastole, left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole, LVPW thickness at end-diastole, IVS in systole, left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole, LVPW thickness at end-systole, and left atrium/aortic roots ratio between the two groups. However, the pregnant horses had a significantly higher cardiac output and % ejection fraction than non-pregnant horses (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provided the first evidence that hemodynamic adaptations during pregnancy modified cardiac conduction, vasovagal tonus index, and echocardiographic variables in horses. Keywords: echocardiography, electrocardiogram, horses, pregnancy, vasovagal tonus index.

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Pregnancy Effect on Echocardiographic Parameters in Great Dane Bitches

Melandri

Spalla

Fanciullo

et al. 2020

Animals

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Pregnancy is associated with adaptation of the left ventricular (LV) function. Due to differences between breeds in baseline echocardiographic values and specific predispositions for myocardial diseases, breed-specific echocardiographic parameters may be helpful to evaluate whether the systolic function varies during pregnancy. This study enrolled nine healthy Great Dane bitches with uncomplicated pregnancy. Echocardiographic M-mode and B-mode data were collected before ovulation and within 7 days of the predicted parturition term. Evaluated parameters were: LV dimension in diastole (LVd) and systole (LVs), end-diastolic (EDVI) and end-systolic (ESVI) volumes indexed to body surface area (BSA), end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic (ESV), end-point-septal-separation (EPSS), left atrium to aortic root ratio (LA/Ao), sphericity index (SI), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO). The ANOVA showed a statistical effect of the age of gestation (p < 0.01) on the increase of diastolic dimensions and functional parameters and on the decrease of systolic dimensions. The CO increase parallels the rise in SV and HR (p < 0.01). No statistical differences were observed for EPSS, LA/Ao, and SI. The changes in cardiac chambers and function are likely to reflect maternal adaptation to allow the fetal development in uncomplicated pregnancy. The present study provides specific echocardiographic values in uncomplicated pregnancy of Great Danes, showing that the systolic function is enhanced and that the increase in preload, observed during gestation, is the likely mechanism.

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Effects of the estrous cycle and pregnancy status on cardiovascular variables in healthy bitches

Cited by 3 publications

References 51 publications

Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Pet Dogs Attended At a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Malaysia

Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Pet Dogs Attended At a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Malaysia

Effects of pregnancy on electrocardiographic, vasovagal tonus index, and echocardiographic variables in horses

Pregnancy Effect on Echocardiographic Parameters in Great Dane Bitches

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