2014
DOI: 10.1159/000368606
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Effects of the Estrous Cycle and Ovarian Hormones on Central Expression of Interleukin-1 Evoked by Stress in Female Rats

Abstract: Exposure to stressors such as foot shock (FS) leads to increased expression of multiple inflammatory factors, including the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the brain. Studies have indicated that there are sex differences in stress reactivity, suggesting that the fluctuations in gonadal steroid levels across the estrous cycle may play a regulatory role in the stress-induced cytokine expression. The present studies were designed to investigate the role of 17-β-estradiol (E2) and proge… Show more

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Cited by 37 publications
(40 citation statements)
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“…First, steady-state levels of neuroinflammation appear to escalate in response to distinct stress challenges. Importantly, the nature of the neuroimmune response evoked by stress depends on key features of the individual, including genetic differences (sex and other genomic differences) and/or hormonal status of the subject (Arakawa et al , 2014, Duma et al , 2010, Hodes et al , 2014). Experiential factors, such as social experiences, appear to be particularly important drivers of neuroimmune differences across a wide range of species.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…First, steady-state levels of neuroinflammation appear to escalate in response to distinct stress challenges. Importantly, the nature of the neuroimmune response evoked by stress depends on key features of the individual, including genetic differences (sex and other genomic differences) and/or hormonal status of the subject (Arakawa et al , 2014, Duma et al , 2010, Hodes et al , 2014). Experiential factors, such as social experiences, appear to be particularly important drivers of neuroimmune differences across a wide range of species.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance, activation of the HPA axis does not lead to the sole release of GC hormone from the adrenal gland, but instead leads to the release of a multitude of other hormonal mediators, many of which have immunomodulatory properties (Deak, 2008). Notably, progesterone is a precursor steroid that is enzymatically and rapidly converted to corticosterone in the adrenal glands, and yet plasma progesterone evinces a rapid surge that parallels plasma corticosterone in both male (Hueston and Deak, 2014) and female (Arakawa et al , 2014) rats. Additionally, there are virtually no manipulations that adequately discriminate between corticosterone and progesterone action since metyrapone administration or ADX ablate both corticosterone and progesterone (Hueston and Deak, 2014), and most GC-selective antagonists do not adequately discriminate between corticosteroid and progestin receptors (Etgen and Barfield, 1986, Rupprecht et al , 1993).…”
Section: Neuroimmune Consequences Of Stress and Implications For Elabmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…162, 163, 164 Under conditions of severe and chronic stressor exposure however, not only does the HPA axis remain activated, but a neuroinflammatory milieu ensues within many brain structures including the hypothalamus and hippocampus. 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 …”
Section: Factors That May Contribute To Stress-induced Alternations Imentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It can be noted, however, that females display a robust increase in IL-1β expression after footshock, an effect that varies significantly in response to ovarian hormones. 50 Although CORT habituation to restraint has been shown to occur similarly in males and females, 51 habituation to other stressors, such as the presently-used forced swim, remains to be examined and may proceed differently between the sexes.…”
Section: Experiments 3 Examined How a History Of Restraint Would Modifymentioning
confidence: 99%