Effects of the dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine combination on plasma oxidative status and cardiorespiratory parameters in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

Abstract

ABSTRACT:Oxidative stress in the body occurs when the production of free radicals overwhelms the antioxidant defence systems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a combination of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine (DMBA) as an anaesthetic on plasma oxidative status in twelve raccoon dogs. Baseline measures were recorded prior to anaesthesia, and then the animals were anaesthetised with the combination of dexmedetomidine (25 µg/kg), midazolam (0.45 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg), and atropine (0.035 mg/kg). Temperature, respiratory rate, haemoglobin saturation by oxygen, pulse rate, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure were continually monitored. Blood pressure was significantly decreased at 30 to 60 min (P < 0.05). Pulse rate ranged from 96 to 123 bpm, without episodes of severe bradycardia or tachycardia. Blood samples were collected from saphenous venipuncture at 0, 0.5, 1, and 24 h before, during, and after anaesthesia. Plasma superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activity, and malondialdehyde concentrations were measured by colorimetry, and plasma vitamin E level was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 0.5 h, and then gradually decreased to baseline values after 1 h. Catalase activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 0.5 h, 1 h, and then gradually decreased to baseline values after 24 h. There was no significant change in vitamin E level (P < 0.05).The concentration of malondialdehyde decreased significantly at 0.5, 1, and 24 h after injection (P < 0.05). The results show that the administered dose of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine has antioxidant effects in raccoon dogs. Our study is the first to demonstrate that dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine exert antioxidant effects, which may be exploited to alleviate the stress of examination and research at veterinary clinics.

Protective Effects of Dexmedetomidine Infusion on Genotoxic Potential of Isoflurane in Patients Undergoing Emergency Surgery

“…MDA serum level was significantly reduced by DEX in human patients undergoing pulmonary aortic surgery when used at infusion dose in general anesthesia [ 52 ]. Increased SOD and CAT activity was also observed following DEX in raccoon dogs when compared with baseline [ 53 ]. Similar results were found by the use of intravenous DEX infusion combined with ISO inhalation that reduced the oxidative stress and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in one-lung ventilated patients [ 25 ].…”

Effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine on analgesic efficacy and inflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery

“…Therefore, the application of an effective anesthetic method is especially important. The use of an appropriate dose of anesthetic in the operation can relieve the pain of the patient, and is also able to reduce the damage to the patient tissue ( 12 , 13 ).…”

Oxidative stress response of guaifenesin-ketamine anaesthetized cattle during surgery under detomidine/xylazine premedication

“…The increased activity of superoxide dismutase dismutases the superoxides and resulted in H 2 O 2 generation, which is decomposed by catalase into H 2 O and O 2 . Feng et al (2015) found an increase in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase level during anaesthesia due to the activation of antioxidant mechanism to prevent the oxidative stress. The results of the present study was supported by the findings of Bisla et al (2004), Serin et al (2008) and Sankar et al (2010).…”