Effects of the built environment and human factors on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic literature review

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among public transport workers in Sweden

“…There are conflicting results regarding how the use of public transport affects the spread of COVID-19 cases in urban areas. Several studies have, however, reported that a higher rate of public transport use is associated with a higher number of COVID-19 cases ( Alidadi and Sharifi, 2022 ). Finding solutions to reduce the risk of virus transmission in public transportation should thus be a focus for further studies.…”

A county-level analysis of association between social vulnerability and COVID-19 cases in Khuzestan Province, Iran

“…Population density could be a risk factor by increasing risk exposure. When natural or human hazards occur, higher population densities could result in increased losses due to inefficient management and planning [ 89 , 90 ]. In developing country cities, population density is also considered an important factor in the outbreak of COVID-19, and avoiding situations with higher population densities is an essential requirement for limiting the prevalence of COVID-19 [ 91 ].…”

Cities and epidemics: Reflection based on spatio-temporal spread and medical carrying capacity of early COVID-19 outbreak in China

“…The city planning and building design should try to match the Sustainable Development Goals like sustainable cities and communities and good health and well-being and consider more about people's welfare like reducing the density of high-rise buildings, expanding outdoor activity spaces, and increasing green spaces than agglomeration economic effects. And many studies have already recommended that urban land use should be more evenly distributed and not concentrated in speci c areas [45] .…”