Effects of testosterone on pedicle formation and its transformation to antler in castrated male, freemartin and normal female red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Li, C; Littlejohn, R. P.; Corson, I. D.; Suttie, J. M.

doi:10.1016/s0016-6480(02)00625-1

Cited by 52 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The rationale for concluding that IGF-I could be AGS comes from the observation that seasonal peaks in circulating IGF-I coincide with the period of rapid antler growth (Suttie et al 1985), the presence of IGF receptors in the antler tip (Elliott et al 1992) and the fact that IGFs increase the proliferation of cells from perichondrium, mesenchyme and cartilage (Price et al 1994;Sadighi et al 1994). There is evidence for an association between IGF-I concentrations and serum testosterone (Ditchkoff et al 2001;Li et al 2003), although whether previously elevated plasma testosterone levels are directly responsible for the subsequent IGF-I peak remains unclear.…”

Section: The Control Of Antler Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Price

Allen

2004

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Deer antlers are the only mammalian appendages capable of repeated rounds of regeneration; every year they are shed and regrow from a blastema into large branched structures of cartilage and bone that are used for fighting and display. Longitudinal growth is by a process of modified endochondral ossification and in some species this can exceed 2 cm per day, representing the fastest rate of organ growth in the animal kingdom. However, despite their value as a unique model of mammalian regeneration the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We review what is currently known about the local and systemic regulation of antler regeneration and some of the many unsolved questions of antler physiology are discussed. Molecules that we have identified as having potentially important local roles in antlers include parathyroid hormone-related peptide and retinoic acid (RA). Both are present in the blastema and in the rapidly growing antler where they regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. Recent studies have shown that blockade of RA signalling can alter cellular differentiation in the blastema in vivo. The trigger that regulates the expression of these local signals is likely to be changing levels of sex steroids because the process of antler regeneration is linked to the reproductive cycle. The natural assumption has been that the most important hormone is testosterone, however, at a cellular level oestrogen may be a more significant regulator. Our data suggest that exogenous oestrogen acts as a 'brake', inhibiting the proliferation of progenitor cells in the antler tip while stimulating their differentiation, thus inhibiting continued growth. Deciphering the mechanism(s) by which sex steroids regulate cell-cycle progression and cellular differentiation in antlers may help to address why regeneration is limited in other mammalian tissues.

show abstract

Section: The Control Of Antler Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Price

Allen

2004

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…During regeneration, the cartilage, skin, nerves, and blood vessels of the antler must grow at a rapid rate. This full regrowth occurs under conditions of low testosterone and high plasma IGF-1 during spring (Li et al, 2003). Antler grows at varying rates in different species, with growth rates reaching 12.5 mm/day in sika deer (Gao and Li, 1988), 27.5 mm/day in moose (Goss, 1970), and approximately 10 mm/day in red deer (Fennessy et al, 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin in deer antler

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Deer antlers represent a unique model of mammalian regeneration in that they cast and fully regenerate every year. The deer antler thus provides a fascinating model of both rapid angiogenesis and chondrogenesis and the opportunity to investigate unique growth regulatory processes. One such phenomenon is the presence of vascularized cartilage in the growing antler tip-unlike other cartilage, which is typically avascular. The mechanisms by which blood vessels grow in the cartilage as well as the factors that drive antler extension at approximately 1 cm a day have been hitherto largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin within the growing antler tip. We isolated cervine VEGF121 and VEGF165 from deer antler and found that mRNA is produced for VEGF in the precartilage and cartilage regions. By in situ hybridization, we examined whether the VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR are present in deer antler and found only KDR mRNA within the endothelial cells of the precartilage region. This finding is compatible with VEGF having an angiogenic effect within antler. Pleiotrophin mRNA was found in the vascular smooth muscle cells of the dermis, thus supporting a possible role in vascular growth. High levels of pleiotrophin mRNA were also detected in the precartilage region with possible implications for both angiogenesis and chondrogenesis. This is the first report of cervine angiogenic growth factors within the growing antler tip. Anat Rec Part A, 288A: 1281-1293, 2006. 2006 Key words: angiogenesis; cartilage; chondrogenesis; endothelial Systems where growth occurs at an astonishing rate such as the placenta, embryo, and deer antler can give important insights into the mechanisms involved in angiogenesis. Deer antlers are unique mammalian appendages in that they have an annual cycle of regeneration. During regeneration, the cartilage, skin, nerves, and blood vessels of the antler must grow at a rapid rate. This full regrowth occurs under conditions of low testosterone and high plasma IGF-1 during spring (Li et al., 2003). Antler grows at varying rates in different species, with growth rates reaching 12.5 mm/day in sika deer (Gao and Li, 1988), 27.5 mm/day in moose (Goss, 1970), and approximately 10 mm/day in red deer (Fennessy et al., 1991). Antler growth is driven from the tip, which consists of dermis, mesenchyme, precartilage, and the cartilage that transforms to bone and that then progressively calcifies within the antler (Fig. 1). Antlerogenic stem cells have been found to be concentrated in the reserve mesenchyme underlying the dermis (Li et al., 2002(Li et al., , 2005a. Cells from the reserve mesenchyme divide and differentiate, thus contributing chondroblasts to the precartilage region, where progressive maturation occurs. The cartilage zone contains columns of chondrocytes and large parallel vascular channels, which give a red appearance. In the region shown as the remodeling zone (Fig. 1) THE ANATOMICAL RECORD PART A 288A: 1281-1293 (2006) expand at a rapi...

show abstract

“…Social behaviour of the animal based on ranking was found to have an effect on the testosterone concentration giving rise to antler size; the higher ranking animal experiencing enhanced antler growth (Bartos, 2012). Other study supporting the role of antler growth from testosterone in experimental administration of exogenous androgens in castrated, free martin and normal female (Li et al, 2003). Meanwhile another study highlight the function of cortisol and its consistency as opposed to testosterone in determining the rank of male in a herd (Pavitt et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Determination of Breeding Seasonality in Rusa Deer (<i>Rusa timorensis</i>) Stags via Serum Testosterone Profiling

Fitri

Wahid

Rosnina

et al. 2017

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Breeding seasonality in mammals is influenced by the environmental changes and the endocrine response of the animals to that changes. Comprehension in breeding seasonality enables better reproductive management consequently maximizing the reproductive potential of the stags. Despite that, the study in breeding seasonality in Rusa deer (Rusa timorensis) is still scarce. Five healthy and matured stags were selected for this experiment. Semen were collected using electroejaculator at a monthly interval from April to September 2012. Semen motility is determined using a percentage. Meteorological data were obtained from the nearest weather station located in Petaling Jaya. Serum was utilized for the radioimmunoassay determination of serum testosterone profile. The warmest condition was in June and it's coolest in November of 2012. There was a strong, positive correlation between testosterone concentration and general motility (p<0.05) with a correlation coefficient, r s = 0.943. Meteorological data alone; temperature, relative humidity and rainfall are insufficient to determine the breeding seasonality in Rusa deer, bearing no significant correlation with serum testosterone concentration and sperm motility. Rusa deer stags is reproductively active from April to July, low in August and starts to rise again in September. Therefore, this study demonstrates that breeding seasonality in Rusa deer stags can be determined via serum testosterone profiling.

show abstract

Effects of testosterone on pedicle formation and its transformation to antler in castrated male, freemartin and normal female red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Cited by 52 publications

References 16 publications

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers

Expression of VEGF and pleiotrophin in deer antler

Determination of Breeding Seasonality in Rusa Deer (<i>Rusa timorensis</i>) Stags via Serum Testosterone Profiling

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About