“…Thermal gradients also induce significant changes in the estimated water fluxes because temperature affects soil hydraulic properties (Ben Neriah et al, 2014; Gardner, 1955; Grant and Bachmann, 2002; Grant and Salehzadeh, 1996; Hopmans and Dane, 1986; Nimmo and Miller, 1986; Parlange et al, 1998; Philip and de Vries, 1957; She and Sleep, 1998). For example, increasing water temperature decreases water viscosity, causing an increase in hydraulic conductivity (Levy et al, 1989) and thermal swelling of solid particles that change soil pore characteristics and the solid–liquid interface between soil particles (Gao and Shao, 2015).…”