Effects of temperature, atmosphere and pH on the generation of smoke compounds during tobacco pyrolysis

Torikai, Kohei; Yoshida, Shinya; Takahashi, Hisayuki

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2004.04.002

Cited by 82 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For mainstream smoke, there was a reasonably consistent increase of several fold for each component under extreme conditions as compared to ISO for both marijuana and tobacco. In a controlled study examining the effects of temperature, atmosphere, and pH on some smoke components during tobacco pyrolysis, Torikai et al found that increasing the temperature of pyrolysis did increase the production of those phenolics listed in Table 8 (34). Comparing marijuana to tobacco, there were generally lower levels of phenolics in mainstream smoke of marijuana, although resorcinol was higher.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 6 shows that the four aromatic amines examined in the two materials were all significantly, and substantially, elevated in marijuana smoke over tobacco smoke, especially in mainstream smoke but also in sidestream smoke under both smoking conditions. In a study on tobacco pyrolysis to measure effects of temperature, atmosphere, and pH on the generation of specific compounds, it was found that the formation of these four aromatic amines was favored in basic conditions (34). In that study, the yields of some 29 chemicals were compared from the pyrolysis of tobacco leaf at pH 2.89 and at pH 7.07.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only exception was dibenz(a,h)anthracene, which was slightly elevated in marijuana under ISO conditions. Under high temperatures and reduced oxygen, tobacco can undergo a pyrolysis process in which free radical formation is enhanced (34), which increases PAH formation. Nitrogen oxides can act as free radical scavengers and can lower PAH formation from pyrolysis (37), and the presence of higher levels of nitrate may therefore lower Units are µg/ cigarette.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions

Moir

Rickert²,

Levasseur³

et al. 2007

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

392

313

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The chemical composition of tobacco smoke has been extensively examined, and the presence of known and suspected carcinogens in such smoke has contributed to the link between tobacco smoking and adverse health effects. The consumption of marijuana through smoking remains a reality and, among youth, seems to be increasing. There have been only limited examinations of marijuana smoke, including for cannabinoid content and for tar generation. There have not been extensive studies of the chemistry of marijuana smoke, especially in direct comparison to tobacco smoke. In this study, a systematic comparison of the smoke composition of both mainstream and sidestream smoke from marijuana and tobacco cigarettes prepared in the same way and consumed under two sets of smoking conditions, was undertaken. This study examined the suite of chemicals routinely analyzed in tobacco smoke. As expected, the results showed qualitative similarities with some quantitative differences. In this study, ammonia was found in mainstream marijuana smoke at levels up to 20-fold greater than that found in tobacco. Hydrogen cyanide, NO, NO x , and some aromatic amines were found in marijuana smoke at concentrations 3-5 times those found in tobacco smoke. Mainstream marijuana smoke contained selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at concentrations lower than those found in mainstream tobacco smoke, while the reverse was the case for sidestream smoke, with PAHs present at higher concentrations in marijuana smoke. The confirmation of the presence, in both mainstream and sidestream smoke of marijuana cigarettes, of known carcinogens and other chemicals implicated in respiratory diseases is important information for public health and communication of the risk related to exposure to such materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions

Moir

Rickert²,

Levasseur³

et al. 2007

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

392

313

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…On the one hand, in cigarettes, formaldehyde and acrolein reach a maximum yield at 500°C (Torikai et al 2004). However, the temperature of the narghile smoking mixture does not go over 200°C, whereby the latter is only heated by the charcoal through a thermal pierced-tinfoil screen, as recently pointed out by Sajid et al (2008).…”

Section: Critique Of the Puff Frequency (Inter-puff Smoulder Time)mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…This may be a source of serious artefacts, just like in the case of cigarettes (Borgerding and Klus 2005). Indeed, the underlying mechanisms of tobacco smoke formation are exceedingly complicated (Torikai et al 2004). …”

Section: Critique Of the Puff Frequency (Inter-puff Smoulder Time)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health intervention for narghile (hookah, shisha) use requires a radical critique of the related “standardised” smoking machine

Chaouachi¹

2009

J Public Health

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Public health intervention for narghile (hookah, shisha)use requires a radical critique of the related "standardised" smoking machine Kamal ChaouachiTo cite this version: Abstract Aim Much has been written about the toxicity of narghile (hookah, shisha) smoke. However, it is seldom mentioned that narghile smoke is actually far less complex than that of cigarettes. In spite of being a much simpler object to research, there has been a world of avoidable and preventable confusion due, to a great extent, to the inappropriate use of the narghile smoking machine designed at the US-American University of Beirut that now is considered to be "standardised". This machine has allowed the claims of high yields of tar, CO, PAH, heavy metals and, lastly, volatile aldehydes. Consequently, any public health intervention against narghile (hookah, shisha) use requires a long overdue critique of this machine on which a large amount of the peer-reviewed "waterpipe" literature uncritically relies. Public health policy makers should be aware of the unprecedented degree of confusion in this field. Methods The analysis is twofold. On one hand, the classical FTC (Federal Trade Commission) regime applied to cigarette testing (and behind the official figures printed on cigarette packs) is presented, whereby it is recalled that a 35-ml puff is drawn each minute for only a few minutes. On the other hand, a discussion follows about the relevancy of the narghile smoking machine based on averaging a complex human and social activity to a puff relentlessly drawn every 17 s over a full hour, with, marginally, the heating source (coal) in the same position over the smoking mixture (contrary to common practice). It is assumed that such stress-strain conditions result in abnormal perturbations in the chemical reactions at stake. The case of aldehyde generation is taken as an example.Results The narghile smoking machine was modelled after the one for cigarettes, which not only is an inappropriate reference, but also is totally irrelevant for a kind of tobacco use that is different from all points of view. The narghile smoking machine and its underlying smoking topography represent a biased toxicological model of the related practice. Human-centered alternatives are presented. Conclusion Against the background of a public health epidemic, a recommended research avenue is to focus on biological measurements of human subjects (urinary carcinogens, chemical or biological markers) carried out in a natural environment in re...

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Advanced Materials Design for Adsorption of Toxic Substances in Cigarette Smoke

et al. 2023

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Cigarettes, despite being economically important legal consumer products, are highly addictive and harmful, particularly to the respiratory system. Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture containing over 7000 chemical compounds, 86 of which are identified to have "sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity" in either animal or human tests. Thus, tobacco smoke poses a significant health risk to humans. This article focuses on materials that help reduce the levels of major carcinogens in cigarette smoke; these include nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde. Specifically, the research progress on adsorption effects and mechanisms of advanced materials such as cellulose, zeolite, activated carbon, graphene, and molecularly imprinted polymers are highlighted. The future trends and prospects in this field are also discussed. Notably, with advancements in supramolecular chemistry and materials engineering, the design of functionally oriented materials has become increasingly multidisciplinary. Certainly, several advanced materials can play a critical role in reducing the harmful effects of cigarette smoke. This review aims to serve as an insightful reference for the design of hybrid and functionally oriented advanced materials.

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Effects of temperature, atmosphere and pH on the generation of smoke compounds during tobacco pyrolysis

Cited by 82 publications

References 17 publications

A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions

A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions

Public health intervention for narghile (hookah, shisha) use requires a radical critique of the related “standardised” smoking machine

Advanced Materials Design for Adsorption of Toxic Substances in Cigarette Smoke

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