Effects of Temperature and Solvent Properties on the Liquid–Solid Phase Equilibrium of γ-Pyrazinamide

Abstract

The thermodynamic solubility of γ-pyrazinamide in 13 solvents (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, acetone, acetonitrile, water, 1,4-dioxane, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and n-propyl acetate) was measured by a dynamic method from 278.15 to 318.15 K. The results were modified by four models (λh equation, Apelblat equation, Wilson model, and nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model), and all of the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were less than 6%, indicating that the correlated data is in good agreement with the experiments. The thermodynamic parameters of mixing (Δmix H, Δmix G, and Δmix S) were calculated by the NRTL model. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of different solvents were investigated to visualize the solvent effects. The results indicated that for the ester and alcohol systems, the “like dissolves like” principle and mass transfer rules were the main factors that affect the solubility, and for other solvents, hydrogen bond donor propensities played the key role.

Enhanced Direct Crystallization Resolution of Racemates Mediated in Chiral Ionic Liquid Cosolvent Mixtures: Experimental, Statistical, and QM Simulation Studies

“…It is probably because the similar structures between Thr and 2-AbA or those between Thr and MA increase the solubility of three Thr species based on the "like dissolves like" principle, but the incrementally high viscosity of solvents declines the solubility in view of the mass transfer rules at the same time. 56 In addition, as the conglomerate, the solubility of pure enantiomers is the same, and that of DL-Thr is twice as much as pure enantiomers in water at the same temperature. 57 Intriguingly, the solubilities of two enantiomers are inequal in the CCM where the chiral solutes have a more probable inclination to dissolve in the chiral solvents with the opposite chirality to them.…”

Recent advances in membrane crystallization

“…So, the crystal product's properties are significant for the subsequent operations. 88,89 For example, a crystal product with a small particle size, uneven distribution, or fragmented crystal surface can entrap more of the mother liquor, resulting in a loss of the mother liquor and difficulties in crystal post-processing. Therefore, crystal products with a larger and more uniform particle-size distribution, as well as smooth crystal surface, are welcomed.…”

Recent progress in antisolvent crystallization

“…The needle-like shape is also undesirable due to low flowability, which does not benefit the blending and tableting process, while the prismatic-like or rod-like morphology is popular in the industry due to the rapid mixing and filtering processes. 50,51 Many crystallization approaches are used in morphology control, [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] such as melt crystallization, cooling crystallization, evaporative crystallization, and (gas) antisolvent crystallization. Among the crystallization methods, cooling and antisolvent crystallization are proved to be the most common approaches in crystal shape and size control.…”