Effects of temperature and relative humidity on conidial germination and viability, colonization and sporulation of<i>Monilinia fructigena</i>

Xu, Xiangming; Guerin, Lucia; Robinson, J. D.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00606.x

Cited by 47 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The approximate value of equilibrium relative humidity (98 ± 1, 86.5 ± 1 and 75 ± 1%) inside the desiccators was controlled by means of saturated salt solutions: K 2 SO 4 (98%), KCL (86.5%), and NaCl (75%) (Xu et al, 2001). These pure salts were mixed in 1 l of distilled water and stirred until a saturated salt solution was obtained.…”

Section: Controlling Chamber Humiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Box-Behnken design for predicting the combined effects of relative humidity and temperature on antagonistic yeast population density at the surface of apples

Lahlali

Massart

Serrhini

et al. 2008

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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The objective of this work was to develop models predicting the combined effects of relative humidity (RH, 75-98%), temperature (5-25°C), and initial applied yeast concentration (10 4 -10 8 CFU/ml) on the apple-surface population densities of two biocontrol agents fused against postharvest diseases; the antagonistic yeasts Pichia anomala strain K and Candida oleophila strain O. Experiments were carried out according to a Box-Behnken matrix. Multiple regression analyses showed that both models yielded a good prediction of yeast density. The effect of relative humidity appeared greater than that of temperature. The number of yeast colony-forming units per square centimeter of apple fruit surface increased with increasing relative humidity, temperature, and initial applied yeast concentration. The models predict that under optimal growth conditions (25°C, 98%), strains O and K should reach a density of 10 4 CFU/cm 2 when applied initially at 2 × 10 7 (strain O) or 10 7 CFU/ml (strain K). The model results suggest that rainfall was likely the principal cause of the variability of yeast efficacy reported for previous preharvest orchard trials spanning two successive years. Temperature may also contribute to this variation. The models developed here are important tools for predicting population densities of both strains on the apple surface within the experimental limits. The use of these results should contribute to achieving yeast densities of 10 4 CFU/cm 2 on apples by controlling yeast application and environmental factors such as relative humidity and temperature. The results of this study also confirm our previous in vitro findings that water activity has a greater effect than temperature on yeast population density.

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Section: Controlling Chamber Humiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Box-Behnken design for predicting the combined effects of relative humidity and temperature on antagonistic yeast population density at the surface of apples

Lahlali

Massart

Serrhini

et al. 2008

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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“…Conidia of Monilinia species can survive dry conditions, especially under relatively low temperatures and high relative humidity (Xu et al, 2001). …”

Section: Dried Fruitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insects were shown to be able to transport conidia from one fruit to another (Croxall et al, 1951;Lack, 1989) and they were the major wounding agents in pome fruit orchards acting as prerequisite factors for infection (Xu et al, 2001). Insects (nitidulid beetles, vinegar flies and honeybees) can be important vectors of M. fructicola during fruit ripening by carrying and depositing conidia to injuries caused by oriental fruit moth, peach twig borers, Mediterranean fruit flies, etc.…”

Section: Natural Meansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the end of each cycle, the fungus produces asexual conidia on all the affected plant surfaces, including blighted flowers/twigs, cankers, mummies, rotted fruit attached to the trees or fallen on the orchard floor, and thinned fruit (Bannon et al, 2009;Holb and Scherm, 2007;Hong et al, 1997;Van Leeuwen et al, 2002b;Villarino et al, 2010). These conidia are then dispersed, most of them remain viable (Holb, 2008a;Van Leeuwen et al, 2000;Xu et al, 2001) and can start a new infection cycle under favourable environmental conditions (Biggs and Northover, 1988b;Corbin, 1963;Corbin and Cruishank, 1963;Michailides and Morgan, 1997;Phillips, 1984). Therefore the density of the airborne conidia strictly depends on the density of the inoculum sources and, obviously, on the sporulation rate of the inoculum sources.…”

Section: Concentration Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pest risk assessment ofMonilinia fructicolafor the EU territory and identification and evaluation of risk management options

Rossi¹

2011

EFSA Journal

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health has delivered a pest risk assessment on the risk posed by Monilinia fructicola to the EU territory and has identified risk management options and evaluated their effectiveness in reducing the risk to plant health posed by this organism. The Panel has also analysed the effectiveness of the special requirements presently listed in Annex IV, Part A, Section I of Council Directive 2000/29/EC, in reducing the risk of introduction of this pest into the EU territory. The Panel concluded that the main pathways for entry into the EU territory are plant material for propagation purposes and fruit of host genera and that, with the exception of dried fruit, the probability of entry is very likely. The probability of establishment is also very likely due to the suitable environmental conditions and to the widespread presence of host species, susceptible for most of the year, on most of the risk assessment area. Cultural practices and control measures currently applied and competition with other Monilinia species cannot prevent the establishment of M. fructicola. The probability of spread is very likely because of the multiple ways of dispersal of the pest. The overall impact in the endangered area is estimated to be moderate. Neither additional cultural measures nor increased fungicide treatments would be needed to control of brown rot in the orchard after the introduction of M. fructicola. © European Food Safety Authority, 2011 KEY WORDSBlossom and twig blight, brown rot, Monilia fructicola, Prunus spp., Rosaceae, stone fruit. Having given due consideration to the evidence, the Panel concludes that: a. Entry of M. fructicola by means of plant propagation material, fresh fruits of susceptible genera and by natural means from infested European non-EU countries is very likely. It is very unlikely in case of dried fruit and natural means from infested non-European countries.In both cases the level of uncertainty is low.b. Establishment of M. fructicola in the risk assessment area is very likely with a low level of uncertainty because of the avaialability of host plants with a long period of susceptibility and of suitable environmental conditions. Competition from other Monilinia species (M. laxa and M. fructigena) and currently applied cultural practices and control measures cannot prevent the establishment of the pest. In addition, the pest has already been detected in several Member States in the risk assessment area (France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Spain).c. Spread of M. fructicola within the risk assessment area is very likely with a low level of uncertainty because of its multiple ways to spread (natural and human assisted), to the wide distribution of host species in the risk assessment area and the absence of effective barriers.

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“…are also dependent on ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), and water availability (water activity: a w ) (Luo et al, 2001;Tamm and Flückiger, 1993;Xu et al, 2001). Casals et al (2010) reported that more than 80% of viable conidia of M. fructicola and M. fructigena can germinate within 2 h and those of M. laxa can germinate within 4 h at 25°C and 0.99 a w on culture media.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit maturity and post-harvest environmental conditions influence the pre-penetration stages of Monilinia infections in peaches

Garcia-Benitez

Melgarejo

Cal

2017

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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a b s t r a c tBrown rot caused by the fungi Monilinia laxa (Aderhold and Ruhland) Honey, M. fructicola (Winter) Honey, or M. fructigena (Aderhold and Ruhland) is a serious fungal disease of peaches. The fungal infection process begins when fungal conidia germinate on the fruit surface to produce germ tubes and/or appressoria, and the incidence of brown rot increases as fruit approaches maturity. The interaction between the fungal infection process, peach maturity, and the environmental conditions is not well understood. Accordingly, the objectives of this investigation were to investigate germ tube and appressorial formation by M. laxa and M. fructicola when they were exposed to peach skin from mature and immature fruit at various temperatures and relative humidities (RHs). The greatest number of germ tubes was found when M. laxa or M. fructicola was incubated in culture medium which contained a skin extract of mature peaches. In contrast, the greatest number of appressoria was found when M. laxa or M. fructicola was incubated in culture medium which contained a skin extract of immature peaches. Although M. fructicola produced the same number of germ tubes and appressoria at 4°C, M. fructicola produced more germ tubes than appressoria at temperatures higher than 10°C. M. laxa produced more germ tubes than appressoria at any temperature, except when it was incubated for 48 h on culture medium which contained a skin extract of immature peaches at 10°C at 80% or 100% RH, or at 25°C at 60% RH. M. laxa conidia germinated better than M. fructicola conidia at low temperatures. Germ tube and appressorial formation by Monilinia spp. were influenced by fruit postharvest handling. The number of germ tubes that were formed by M. laxa conidia was significantly greater than that for M. fructicola when the conidia were incubated at 100% RH, and this number increased after 3 days of refrigeration. The number of appressoria that were formed by both Monilinia spp. also increased after 3 consecutive days of refrigeration. Negligible or no germination of M. fructicola and M. laxa conidia occurred when the RH was 60%. We concluded that the dissimilar abilities of M. laxa and M. fructicola to germinate and form appressoria at low temperatures conferred a competitive advantage to M. laxa to survive during fruit postharvest refrigeration and cold storage at 4°C.

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Effects of temperature and relative humidity on conidial germination and viability, colonization and sporulation ofMonilinia fructigena

Cited by 47 publications

References 22 publications

A Box-Behnken design for predicting the combined effects of relative humidity and temperature on antagonistic yeast population density at the surface of apples

A Box-Behnken design for predicting the combined effects of relative humidity and temperature on antagonistic yeast population density at the surface of apples

Pest risk assessment ofMonilinia fructicolafor the EU territory and identification and evaluation of risk management options

Fruit maturity and post-harvest environmental conditions influence the pre-penetration stages of Monilinia infections in peaches

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