Effects of Temperature and Natural Disturbance on Growth, Reproduction, and Population Density in the Alpine Annual Hemiparasite<i>Euphrasia frigida</i>

Nyléhn, Jorun; Totland, Ørjan

doi:10.1080/15230430.1999.12003307

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…The only low stature forb that significantly increased in abundance at Finse was the annual root hemiparasitic Euphrasia frigida. Previous experiments have shown increased growth and seed production of E. frigida under warming (Nyléhn & Totland 1999), but because the population density was highest at intermediate levels of vegetation cover, the density was predicted to decrease if biomass production increased. The increased abundance of E. frigida in the N plots in this study may therefore be a short-term effect of a rapid positive response in reproduction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Species‐specific responses of an alpine plant community under simulated environmental change

Klanderud

2008

J Vegetation Science

109

122

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Question: How will warming and increased nutrient availability affect individual alpine plant species abundances (non‐vascular and vascular) and community composition? Location: Dryas octopetala heath at alpine Finse, southern Norway. Methods: Four years with experimental warming (open top chambers) and nutrient addition. Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Redundancy Analysis were used to examine changes in community composition. GLM‐ANOVA was used to examine treatment effects on individual species. Results: Warming alone decreased the abundance of some Carex and bryophyte species, but did not affect community composition. Nutrient addition and warming combined with nutrient addition increased the abundance of high stature species, such as grasses (Festuca spp., Poa alpina) and some forbs (e.g. Cerastium alpinum, Potentilla crantzii). Low stature forbs (e.g. Tofieldia pusilla), a lycophyte (Selaginella selaginoides) and most bryophytes and lichens decreased in abundance. After four years of warming combined with nutrient addition 57% of the mosses, 57% of the liverworts and 44% of the lichens had completely disappeared. Community composition changed significantly, with the largest shift when warming and nutrient addition was combined. Conclusions: Tall species may expand at the expense of low stature species in the alpine region if temperature and soil nutrient content increase. Contrasting responses between grasses and sedges, and species‐specific responses within forbs, sedges and shrubs, within and across alpine and arctic sites, suggest that the use of functional types in environmental change research may mask important information on individual species responses. The response of one species within a functional type cannot predict the response of another.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Shading by tall neighbours may have less effect on hemiparasites due to their lower dependency on light. The long-term effects of extensively increased biomass on low-stature annual species such as E. frigida may, however, be negative (Nyléhn & Totland 1999) due to their dependency of open soil for seed germination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species‐specific responses of an alpine plant community under simulated environmental change

Klanderud

2008

J Vegetation Science

109

122

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“…We found no support for the hypothesis that reproductive effort (culm density) would increase when plants were exposed to a warmer, drier climate. Others have noted increased reproductive effort with experimentally increased temperature in the field (Price & Waser, 1998; Arft et al ., 1999; Nylehn & Totland, 1999). The hypothesis that reproductive effort would be reduced in a cooler, wetter climate was supported by the data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reproductive phenology was advanced by soil warming in Colorado (Price & Waser, 1998) and in the Arctic (Arft et al ., 1999). Reproductive effort increased with increased temperature in the field‐warming experiments of Price & Waser (1998) and Nylehn & Totland (1999). We tested the hypotheses that there will be no effect of a climate change on production characteristics and that climate change will affect reproductive effort in a perennial bunchgrass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reciprocal transplant experiment within a climatic gradient in a semiarid shrub‐steppe ecosystem: effects on bunchgrass growth and reproduction, soil carbon, and soil nitrogen

Link

Smith

Halvorson³

et al. 2003

Global Change Biology

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We investigated the effect of climate change on Poa secunda Presl. and soils in a shrub‐steppe ecosystem in south‐eastern Washington. Intact soil cores containing P. secunda were reciprocally transplanted between two elevations. Plants and soils were examined, respectively, 4.5 and 5 years later. The lower elevation (310 m) site is warmer (28.5 °C air average monthly maximum) and drier (224 mm yr−1) than the upper elevation (844 m) site (23.5 °C air average monthly maximum, 272 mm yr−1). Observations were also made on undisturbed plants at both sites. There was no effect of climate change on plant density, shoot biomass, or carbon isotope discrimination in either transplanted plant population. The cooler, wetter environment significantly reduced percent cover and leaf length, while the warmer, drier environment had no effect. Warming and drying reduced percent shoot nitrogen, while the cooler, wetter environment had no effect. Culm density was zero for the lower elevation plants transplanted to the upper site and was 10.3 culms m−2 at the lower site. There was no effect of warming and drying on the culm density of the upper elevation plants. Culm density of in situ lower elevation plants was greater than that of the in situ upper elevation plants. Warming and drying reduced total soil carbon 32% and total soil nitrogen 40%. The cooler, wetter environment had no effect on total soil C or N. Of the C and N that was lost over time, 64% of both came from the particulate organic matter fraction (POM, > 53 µm). There was no effect of warming and drying on the upper population of P. secunda while exposing the lower population to the cooler, wetter environment reduced reproductive effort and percent cover. With the warmer and drier conditions that may develop with climate change, total C and N of semiarid soils may decrease with the active fraction of soil C also rapidly decreasing, which may alter ecosystem diversity and function.

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“…Under ambient air temperatures that ranged from 19–34 C over two months, carbohydrate levels in the root hemiparasite Castilleja chromosa did not vary with changes in microclimate, suggesting that the ability to extract sugars from hosts buffers the parasite from abiotic variation [19]. In another example, the facultative root hemiparasite Euphrasia frigida exhibited increased growth when temperatures were elevated by 2.3 C within open-top chambers, but whether this was due to direct effects of warming or indirect effects mediated by host plants was not determined [20]. If the direct effect of warming on parasitic plants is increased growth, they may compensate by taking more resources from their hosts, resulting in the interaction becoming more costly for the host under climate change [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitism modifies the direct effects of warming on a hemiparasite and its host

Rafferty¹,

Agnew²,

Nabity³

2019

PLoS ONE

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Climate change is affecting interactions among species, including host-parasite interactions. The effects of warming are of particular interest for interactions in which parasite and host physiology are intertwined, such as those between parasitic plants and their hosts. However, little is known about how warming will affect plant parasitic interactions, hindering our ability to predict how host and parasite species will respond to climate change. Here, we test how warming affects aboveground and belowground biomass of a hemiparasitic species (Castilleja sulphurea) and its host (Bouteloua gracilis), asking whether the effects of warming depend on the interaction between these species. We also measured how warming affected the number of haustorial connections between parasite and host. We grew each species alone and together under ambient and warmed conditions. Hosts produced more belowground biomass under warming. However, host biomass was reduced when plants were grown with a hemiparasite. Thus, parasitism negated the benefit of warming on belowground growth of the host. Host resource allocation to roots versus shoots also changed in response to both interaction with the parasite and warming, with hosts producing more root biomass relative to shoot biomass when grown with a parasite and when warmed. As expected, hemiparasite biomass was greater when grown with a host. Warmed parasites had lower root:shoot ratios but only when grown with a host. Under elevated temperatures, hemiparasite aboveground biomass was marginally greater, and plants produced significantly more haustoria. These findings indicate that warming can influence biomass production, both by modifying the interaction between host plants and hemiparasites and by affecting the growth of each species directly. To predict how species will be affected, it is important to understand not only the direct effects of warming but also the indirect effects that are mediated by species interactions. Ultimately, understanding how climate change will affect species interactions is key to understanding how it will affect individual species.

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Effects of Temperature and Natural Disturbance on Growth, Reproduction, and Population Density in the Alpine Annual HemiparasiteEuphrasia frigida

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

Species‐specific responses of an alpine plant community under simulated environmental change

Species‐specific responses of an alpine plant community under simulated environmental change

A reciprocal transplant experiment within a climatic gradient in a semiarid shrub‐steppe ecosystem: effects on bunchgrass growth and reproduction, soil carbon, and soil nitrogen

Parasitism modifies the direct effects of warming on a hemiparasite and its host

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