“…However, the effectiveness of project work has been criticized for its informality and lack of alignment with the conventions of academic writing (Elbow, 1973;Graham et al, 2013;Hyland, 2002). Its usefulness in preparing students for the rigorous demands of academic writing has been challenged (Ellis, 2020;Kim & Ko, 2007). Academic writing requires critical thinking, logical organization, clear purpose, and the skillful use of sources (Clemens, 2019).…”