Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes

Terry, Peter C.; Karageorghis, Costas I.; Saha, Alessandra Mecozzi; D’Auria, Shaun

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.06.003

Cited by 181 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The present findings are concordant with recent findings relating to the effects of motivational and neutral music on anaerobic tasks (e.g., Karageorghis et al, 2010;Terry et al, 2012) albeit that these recent findings pertain to the synchronous application of music.…”

Section: Practical Implications Of the Present Findingssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The competitive nature of the human information processing system means that a stronger signal may be attended to at the expense of a weaker one. Thus during high-intensity exercise, it appears that limited attention can be directed towards the motivational or aesthetic qualities of the music, as has been shown in previous studies (e.g., Terry et al, 2012). This was corroborated by the qualitative data, as participants did not differentiate between the tracks in terms of their distracting or dissociative qualities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Moreover, the motivational condition would yield superior psychological effects when compared against the oudeterous condition (c.f. Terry et al, 2012). We expected no differences in the psychophysical measures when the two music conditions were compared owing to the intensity level of the activity (see Rejeski, 1985;Tenenbaum, 2001).…”

Section: Music and Swimming 10mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Tentative evidence indicates that during supramaximal or all-out motoric tasks the motivational qualities of music have little bearing on performance outcomes but do influence psychological variables (e.g., Terry et al, 2012). So music per se influences performance in such tasks and although the aesthetic properties of music are seemingly processed and enter consciousness, they are not sufficiently potent to influence performance outcomes.…”

Section: Rationale Purpose and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lineage of work has assessed the psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in a range of dry land activities that include 400-m running (Simpson & Karageorghis, 2006), cycle ergometry (Anshel & Marisi, 1978), indoor rowing (Rendi, Szabo, & Szabó, 2008), treadmill walking (Karageorghis et al, 2009), and longdistance running (Terry, Karageorghis, Mecozzi Saha, & D'Auria, 2012). Psychological effects relate to how music influences mood, affect, emotion, attitudes, cognition, and behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in swimming

Karageorghis

Hutchinson

Jones

et al. 2013

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Highlights We assess the effects of asynchronous music in a swimming time trial. We had two contrasting music conditions and a no-music control. Participants swam significantly faster when exposed to either music condition. Both music conditions led to significantly higher state motivation. Use of asynchronous music had an ergogenic effect in the order of 2%. Music and Swimming 3 AbstractObjectives: Existing work using dry land exercise-related activities has shown that the careful application of music can lead to a range of benefits that include enhanced affect, lower perceived exertion, greater energy efficiency, and faster time trial performances. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of asynchronous music in swimming using a mixed-methods approach.Design: A mixed-model design was employed wherein there was a within-subjects factor (two experimental conditions and a control) and a between-subjects factor (gender). The experimental component of the study was supplemented by qualitative data that were analysed using inductive content analysis.Methods: Twenty six participants (M age = 20.0 years, age range: 18-23 years) underwent a period of habituation with Speedo Aquabeat MP3 players prior to the experimental phase.They were then administered two experimental trials (motivational and oudeterous music at 130 bpm) and a no-music control, during which they engaged in a 200-m freestyle swimming time trial.Results: Participants swam significantly faster when exposed to either music condition relative to control (p = .022,  p 2 = .18). Moreover, the music conditions were associated with higher state motivation (p = .016,  p 2 = .16) and more dissociative thoughts (p = .014,  p 2 = .16). Conclusions:Findings supported the hypothesis that the use of asynchronous music during a high-intensity task can have an ergogenic effect; this was in the order of 2% when averaged out across the two experimental conditions. The use of music, regardless of its motivational qualities, resulted in higher self-reported motivation as well as more dissociative thoughts. behavior. Psychophysical effects concern the reduction of perceptions of physical effort, which, in the music-related literature, are most often assessed using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Ergogenic effects relate to the use of music to improve physical performance by either delaying fatigue or increasing work capacity; this results in higher-than-expected levels of endurance, power, productivity, or strength (see Terry & Karageorghis, 2011).Extant work has shown that music use is not effective for some people under certain circumstances (e.g., while learning new skills) and might even be contraindicated in some instances (e.g., when it might distract users from safety-relevant information, such as on public roads; see Karageorghis & Priest, 2012a, 2012b for a review). Also, a "vitamin model" wherein a particular piece of music can be prescribed to engender certain perceptual, cognitive, or emotion...

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Section: Practical Implications Of the Present Findingssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Music and Swimming 10mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Rationale Purpose and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in swimming

Karageorghis

Hutchinson

Jones

et al. 2013

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Music‐Related Interventions in the Exercise Domain

Karageorghis

2020

Handbook of Sport Psychology

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Effects of Music on Perceptual and Affective Responses to Exercise

Haile

Gallagher

Robertson

2014

Perceived Exertion Laboratory Manual

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Whether exercising at a fi tness facility, a local park or greenway, or at home, many people listen to music during their workout. This has become much more common as media devices have become smaller and more portable. Gone are the days of the "boom box" radio in the gym; replaced by high quality sound systems often found in modern fi tness facilities. However, now many participants have their own personal music player. As MP3 players and smartphones replaced cassette tape and CD players, people became much more likely to take their music along during outside exercise, weather permitting. Anecdotally, people discuss how they cannot exercise without accompanying music. They can exercise longer and harder because the music causes the exercise to feel easier. They will exercise more often because the music helps them feel more positive. The music can even help them forget about the exercise they are performing. These anecdotal reports have been tested through systematic experimentation. Research has studied the effects of varying types of music, including preferred versus nonpreferred and synchronous versus asynchronous, on perceived exertion, affect, and performance outcomes. This chapter presents recent evidence for the ergogenic effects of music during exercise as they pertain to perceptual and affective responses. In addition, selected laboratory applications of the perceptual methodologies presented in previous chapters are proposed regarding their use to study the ergogenic effects of listening to music during exercise.

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Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes

Cited by 181 publications

References 26 publications

Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in swimming

Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in swimming

Music‐Related Interventions in the Exercise Domain

Effects of Music on Perceptual and Affective Responses to Exercise

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