Effects of subchronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of a commercial fluridone formulation on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Comparison of the Effect of Flurochloridone and Fluoranthene on the Root and Shoot Anatomy and Morphology of Pea Plants (<i>Pisum sativum</i>)

“…In this study applied concentration also showed that trace amount of FLC, which is considered as safe substance when used in accordance with the principles of Good Agriculture Practices, could have more negative effect as representant of PAH family FLT in the concentration which represents the middle to hight contamination of environment. And even though FLC is currently studied mainly from the point of view of its effect on human health Shi et al 2016], our results and studies working mainly with similar substance fluridone and their effect on aquatic organisms [Cozzola et al 2022;Sun et al 2022;Khanna et al 2023;Park et al 2023] show that it would be useful to focus attention also on the study of the effect of even lower concentrations of FLC on living organisms and environment.…”

Laboratory measurements underestimate persistence of the aquatic herbicide fluridone in lakes

“…While the stability of the compound is benecial for invasive species control due to the long concentration and exposure time needed for this herbicide to be effective, it raises potential concerns about uridone persistence in lakes and possible impacts on non-target species. 36,37 Importantly, the discrepancies between laboratory measurements and uridone fate during the studied lake application underscore the need for caution when relying on laboratory experiments to predict the fate of organic compounds in aquatic systems. Laboratory studies are well controlled, reproducible, and enable the isolation of specic transformation or loss processes, in contrast with eld studies which are logistically challenging and infeasible for compounds that are present at low concentrations and/or added to the environment at unknown rates.…”

“…While the stability of the compound is beneficial for invasive species control due to the long concentration and exposure time needed for this herbicide to be effective, it raises potential concerns about fluridone persistence in lakes and possible impacts on non-target species. 36,37…”

“…Fluridone from laboratory experiments, 3-triuoromethyl benzoic acid, and 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (i.e., the actinometer) were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 36 Fluridone analyzed through HPLC had a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.6 mM. Fluridone in the eld samples was quantied using an Agilent Triple Quad 6460 liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) using positive mode electrospray ionization, which had an LOD of 2.2 nM.…”

“…31 This exposure time threshold oen requires multiple uridone applications to maintain an effective concentration. 22,[32][33][34] However, studies have documented uridone resistance by HWM 9 and hydrilla 35 and demonstrated evidence of sublethal effects on sh populations, 36,37 underscoring the importance of responsible herbicide applications.…”