Effects of study time and meaningfulness on environmental context-dependent recognition

Isarida, Takeo; Isarida, Toshiko; Sakai, Tetsuya

doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0234-0

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…Accordingly, the overshadowing principle predicts that the probability of CE will decrease with longer study time. Isarida et al (2012) clearly confirmed these predictions in two empirical experiments. Significant CEs were found in the short study-time condition (1500 milliseconds) but not in the long study-time experiment (4000 milliseconds).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Encoding Factors Affecting Context Effects on Memory: Congruency, Attention and Exposure Time

Schonbach-Medina¹,

Vakil²

2017

PSYCH

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The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of three factors on the emergence of context effects (CEs). The basic assumption was that the way Target and Context words are initially encoded affects their impact on recognition CE. The strength of the memory depends on many factors, including the amount of attention allocated to target and context stimuli when memorizing the information and whether the participants were distracted. The interaction and relationships between these different factors were examined in the present study. First is Congruency between target and context words in terms of the gender of the nouns presented. Second is Attention allocated to the stimuli, whether equal attention so that both are considered targets (T-T) or differential attention allocation so that one is the target and the other is context (T-C). Third is Exposure time of 300 vs. 3000 msec. We hypothesized that CE would be stronger under the T-T vs. T-C attention condition, congruent vs. incongruent learning conditions and short vs. long exposure time. One-hundred and fifteen individuals participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to one of the two Exposure time conditions. Half of the word-pairs were congruent and half were incongruent. Short exposure time in the Congruent T-T condition was associated with CE in terms of hit rates, but not false alarms, with no CE in the incongruent pairs. As predicted, lengthening exposure time reduced CE in terms of hit rates, and congruent relations were associated with greater CE in terms of false alarms, with no influence of encoding type.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…In such conditions an "overshadowing" process seemed to take place. In line with the overshadowing principle, the strength of item cues was found to increase with the length of study time, at the expense of context cues (see also Isarida et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Encoding Factors Affecting Context Effects on Memory: Congruency, Attention and Exposure Time

Schonbach-Medina¹,

Vakil²

2017

PSYCH

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“…Environmental context-dependent recognition was once thought to be non-existent [ 3 ] but more recently several studies have found evidence for it and delineated some of the circumstances under which it occurs (e.g. [ 4 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Godden and Baddeley (1975) experiment on context-dependent memory on land and underwater: a replication

Murre

2021

R. Soc. open sci.

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A replication of the experiment by Godden and Baddeley (Godden and Baddeley 1975 British Journal of Psychology 66 , 325–331 ( doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01468.x )) on environmental context-dependent memory is described. Sixteen divers studied auditorily presented word lists on land or underwater and recalled these 4 min later on land or underwater (each diver participated in all four combinations). Contrary to the original study, we did not find that recall in the same context where the words had been learned was better than recall in the other context. We discuss differences between our replication and the original study and emphasize the importance of attempts at replicating classic studies.

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“…It has been known for centuries that the presence of the learning event’s context at the moment of recollection greatly improves recall performance 1 – 4 . However, the scientific results regarding the effect of context on recognition are far from clear 4 , 5 . A range of experimental studies found no or weak contextual effects in face recognition experiments 6 – 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also revealed a large effect size with a retention interval of one day or more, and most interestingly, there were no differences in the effect sizes between recall and recognition. It is important to emphasize that the experiments reporting context effects in recognition memory decisions used mainly intentional learning paradigms 5 . In these situations, the subjects know that they need to memorize the information they have just seen or heard during learning, so the contextual information can be used as a cue already in the encoding phase and later in the recognition phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrelevant background context decreases mnemonic discrimination and increases false memory

Racsmány

Bencze

Pajkossy

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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One of the greatest commonplaces in memory research is that context improves recall and enhances or leaves recognition intact. Here we present results which draw attention to the fact that the reappearance of irrelevant and unattended background contexts of encoding significantly impairs memory discrimination functions. This manuscript presents the results of two experiments in which participants made indoor/outdoor judgements for a large number of object images presented together with individual, irrelevant and presumably unattended background scenes. On a subsequent unexpected recognition test participants saw the incidentally encoded target objects, visually similar lures or new foil objects on the same or new background scenes. Our results showed that although the reappearance of the background scene raised the hit rate for target objects, it decreased mnemonic discrimination, a behavioral score for pattern separation, a hippocampal function that is affected in early dementia. Furthermore, the presence of the encoded background scene at the recognition test increased the false recognition of lure objects, even when participants were explicitly instructed to neglect the context scene. Altogether these results gave evidence that if context increases recognition hits for target memories, it does so at the cost of increasing false recognition and diminished discriminability for similar information.

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Effects of study time and meaningfulness on environmental context-dependent recognition

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

Encoding Factors Affecting Context Effects on Memory: Congruency, Attention and Exposure Time

Encoding Factors Affecting Context Effects on Memory: Congruency, Attention and Exposure Time

The Godden and Baddeley (1975) experiment on context-dependent memory on land and underwater: a replication

Irrelevant background context decreases mnemonic discrimination and increases false memory

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