Effects of Stress on Catecholamines and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity of Individual Hypothalamic Nuclei

Palkovits, M; Kobayashi, Ronald M.; Kizer, John S.; Jacobowitz, David M.; Ij, Kopin

doi:10.1159/000122394

Cited by 109 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These results support many earlier studies of an involvement of catecholamines in stress reactions as measured with biochemical and histochemical (formaldehyde fluorescence) methods. Thus acute and/or chronic stress has been shown to affect norepinephrine (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45), epinephrine (46)(47)(48), and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes (45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51). In agreement, both norepinephrine and epinephrine medullary neurons have been shown to contain the glucocorticoid receptor (52).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress.

Ceccatelli

Villar

Goldstein

et al. 1989

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

396

167

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The effect of intracerebroventricular injection of the mitosis inhibitor colchicine and of immobilization stress, subcutaneous injection of capsaicin, and intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic salt solution on expression of c-Fos-like immunoreactivity was studied in the rat brain with immunohistochemistry. All the procedures induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, and many of these neurons also contained corticotropinreleasing factor immunoreactivity. c-Fos immunoreactivity was also observed, for example, in subpopulations of neurons in the locus coeruleus, the ventrolateral medulla oblongata, and the nucleus tractus solitarii. Many of these cells also expressed catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. The results suggest that intraventricular injection of colchicine is a stressful stimulus and support the view that several catecholamine cell groups in the lower brainstem are part of the brain circuitry mediating stress reactions, as are the hypothalamic neurons that contain corticotropin-releasing factor.The c-fos gene (1, 2) is expressed in many tissues in response to growth factor stimulation (3-9). It has been suggested that induction of protooncogenes such as c-fos may be important in the establishment of prolonged functional changes in neurons (10). It has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods that various types of stimulation induce a c-Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in specific neuron populations in various brain regions (11)(12)(13). Thus, immunohistochemical analysis of expression of c-Fos protein in nervous tissue may represent a new tool in neurobiology for metabolic mapping at the cellular level (14). In fact, numerous papers based on this methodology have appeared during the last 2 years.In the present study we have used immunohistochemistry to analyze to what extent various stressors may induce expression of c-Fos-like immunoreactivity in certain brain regions. In addition, antisera to neuropeptides and transmitter-synthesizing enzymes were used to further characterize c-Fos-activated neurons. Of particular interest to us has been the question whether or not intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of the mitosis inhibitor colchicine (15) may affect stress-related systems. Ever since colchicine was shown to inhibit axonal transport (16,17) and to cause marked accumulation of amine storage granules in cell bodies (18), this drug has been used to improve histochemical visualization of transmitters, peptides, and related substances in neuronal cell bodies (19,20). Our results demonstrate that several stress-inducing procedures as well as i.c.v. colchicine treatment, including the i.c.v. injection procedure per se, cause expression of c-Fos protein in restricted neuronal cell populations both in the hypothalamus, including the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and in the lower brainstem, particularly in catecholamine neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODSMale Sprague-Dawley rats (250...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress.

Ceccatelli

Villar

Goldstein

et al. 1989

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

396

167

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“…Since it has been reported that exposure to cold for several hours will decrease the concentration of CA in the ANA [Palkovits et al, 1975], we measured synthesis rates in the ANA after 3 h of cold exposure. In contrast to our results after 30 min of cold ( fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between Hypothalamic Catecholamine Synthesis and Ether Stress-Induced ACTH Secretion

Hedge¹,

Ree²,

Versteeg³

1976

Neuroendocrinology

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The rates of synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in several regions of the hypothalamus have been estimated after exposure of rats to stresses that increase ACTH secretion. The rate of ³H-NE and ³H-DA accumulation from ³H-tyrosine in vitro was used as an index of catecholamine synthesis rates. Exposure to ether vapor, 30 min of cold environment, or laparotomy increased ACTH secretion significantly, as indicated by plasma corticosterone levels. However, only the ether stress affected hypothalamic catecholamines; both NE and DA synthesis rates were increased in the arcuate nucleus area (ANA), but not in the median eminence (ME) or the residual hypothalamus (RH). Dexamethasone treatment blocked the stress-induced ACTH secretion, but had no affect on basal or stress-induced rates of amine synthesis. It is concluded that catecholamines in the ANA participate in mediating ether stress-induced ACTH secretion.

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“…Further studies are therefore necessary in order to determine the relative contribution made by changes in synthesis and/or release of NA and to correlate these changes with alterations in hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal activity. In the light of the recent findings of Palkovits, Kobayashi, Kizer, Jacobowitz & Kopin (1975) who demonstrated that the CA content of the arcuate nucleus was selectively depleted after exposure to three different types of acute stress (i.e. formalin, immobilization and exposure to cold), it would also be of interest to determine whether the decrease in hypothalamic NA observed after ether stress is localized in this hypothalamic nucleus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Ether Stress and Betamethasone Treatment on the Concentrations of Noradrenaline and Dopamine in Various Regions of the Rat Brain

Vellucci

1977

British J Pharmacology

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Brunswick Square, London WC 1 N 1 AX i The effects of ether stress on noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine levels in different regions of the rat brain were studied. 2 Exposure to ether vapour (90 s) caused a significant decrease in the concentration of hypothalamic NA but had no effect on catecholamine (CA) concentrations in the other regions studied. 3 Treatment with betamethasone alone (20 jig/ml) given in the drinking water for 24 h, had no effect on CA levels in the cerebral cortex, midbrain or hypothalamus. However, pretreatment with this dose of steroid prevented the decreases in hypothalamic NA which were normally seen after ether stress and also induced significant increases in the concentration of midbrain NA. 4 The data provide further support for the involvement of NA in the regulation of stress-induced corticotrophin (ACTH) release and indicate that centres other than the hypothalamus may be involved in mediating the inhibitory action of betamethasone on the response to ether stress.

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Effects of Stress on Catecholamines and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity of Individual Hypothalamic Nuclei

Cited by 109 publications

References 11 publications

Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress.

Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress.

Correlation between Hypothalamic Catecholamine Synthesis and Ether Stress-Induced ACTH Secretion

The Effects of Ether Stress and Betamethasone Treatment on the Concentrations of Noradrenaline and Dopamine in Various Regions of the Rat Brain

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