Effects of stress, depression, and their interaction on heart rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and respiratory rate: sympathetic‐parasympathetic hypothesis of stress and depression

Lin, Hsiao-Pei; Lin, Hung‐Yu; Lin, Wei-Lun; Huang, Andrew Chih Wei

doi:10.1002/jclp.20833

Cited by 80 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Whether ongoing vasoconstriction contributes to this core elevation has not been tested explicitly. However, correlative studies on humans suffering from chronic stress-related illness do show reduced finger temperatures 37 . A final attribute to explore is valence: the ability to distinguish positive from negative events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Imaging to Study Stress Non-invasively in Unrestrained Birds

Jerem

Herborn

McCafferty

et al. 2015

JoVE

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Stress, a central concept in biology, describes a suite of emergency responses to challenges. Among other responses, stress leads to a change in blood flow that results in a net influx of blood to key organs and an increase in core temperature. This stress-induced hyperthermia is used to assess stress. However, measuring core temperature is invasive. As blood flow is redirected to the core, the periphery of the body can cool. This paper describes a protocol where peripheral body temperature is measured non-invasively in wild blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) using infrared thermography. In the field we created a set-up bringing the birds to an ideal position in front of the camera by using a baited box. The camera takes a short thermal video recording of the undisturbed bird before applying a mild stressor (closing the box and therefore capturing the bird), and the bird's response to being trapped is recorded. The bare skin of the eye-region is the warmest area in the image. This allows an automated extraction of the maximum eye-region temperature from each image frame, followed by further steps of manual data filtering removing the most common sources of errors (motion blur, blinking). This protocol provides a time series of eye-region temperature with a fine temporal resolution that allows us to study the dynamics of the stress response non-invasively. Further work needs to demonstrate the usefulness of the method to assess stress, for instance to investigate whether eye-region temperature response is proportional to the strength of the stressor. If this can be confirmed, it will provide a valuable alternative method of stress assessment in animals and will be useful to a wide range of researchers from ecologists, conservation biologists, physiologists to animal welfare researchers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Imaging to Study Stress Non-invasively in Unrestrained Birds

Jerem

Herborn

McCafferty

et al. 2015

JoVE

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“…Measures of patterns in sweat production that are linked to emotional responses such as fear can be obtained noninvasively in humans (Lin et al, 2011) and sheep (Reefmann et al, 2009a,b). Measurement in the dog would require modification because canine apocrine gland distribution differs.…”

Section: The Influence or Prior Learning As Well As Temperamentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing fear and anxiety in working dogs: A review

Rooney

Clark

Casey

2016

Journal of Veterinary Behavior

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The causes of fear and anxiety in working dogs are multifactorial and may include inherited characteristics that differ between individuals (e.g. Goddard and Beilharz, 1982; 1984a,b), influences of the environment (Lefebvre et al., 2007), and learned experiences during particular sensitive periods (Appleby et al., 2002) and throughout life. Fear-related behavior compromises performance, leads to significant numbers of dogs failing to complete training (e.g., Murphy, 1995;Batt et al., 2008), early withdrawals from working roles (Caron-Lormier et al., 2016), and can jeopardize dog and handler safety. Hence, amelioration of fear and anxiety is critical to maintain dogs in working roles and to ensure their well-being. Although current methods of selection and training are seemingly effective at producing many dogs which work in a remarkable array of environments, some dogs do not make the grade, and longevity of service is not always maximized. Programs should strive for optimal efficiency and they need to continually analyze the value of each component of their program, seek evidence for its value and explore potential evidence-based improvements. Here we discuss scientific evidence for methods and strategies which may be of value in reducing the risk of fear behaviors developing in the working dog population and suggest potentially valuable techniques and future research to explore the benefit of these approaches. The importance of environmental influences, learning opportunities, and effects of underlying temperament on the outward expression of fear and anxiety should not be underestimated. Identification of characteristics which predict resilience to stress are valuable, both to enable careful breeding for these traits and to develop predictive tests for puppies and procured animals. It is vitally important to rear animals in optimal environments and introduce them to a range of stimuli in a positive, controlled, and gradual way, as these can all help minimize the number of dogs which develop workinhibiting fears. Future research should explore innovative methods to best measure the relative resilience of dogs to stressful events. This could include developing optimal exposure protocols to minimize the development of fear and anxiety, and exploring the influence of social learning and the most effective elements of stimulus presentation.

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“…A number of techniques have been developed to quantify beat-to-beat variability in order to provide indices of cardiac autonomic regulation in both health and disease [5]. Depression and mental stress were initially associated with the sympathetic activities and then were found to correlate with parasympathetic activity [6]- [7]. Heart rate seems to be higher while heart rate variability (HRV) tend to be lower in depressed patients [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Heart Rate Variability Between Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Normal Subjects

Chompoopan¹

2018

GEOMATE

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Major Depressive Disorder is one of the major mental health problems that affect the quality of life of the patients. The reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and elevated heart rate that associated with depression have been found as risk factors for cardiac mobility and mortality. These patients should be assessed regularly on HRV parameters and compare with those of normal subjects. This study aimed to compare heart rate variability between patients with the major depressive disorder and normal subjects. This study was conducted at a psychiatric department in Khon Kaen University, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen province, Thailand. A cross-sectional analytic study design was used. Forty patients diagnosed with the major depressive disorder (who had been treated with antidepressants) were matched according to age, gender with 40 normal subjects participated. They were assessed on HRV for time domain (standard deviation normal to normal: SDNN, and the root mean square of successive differences: RMSSD) and frequency domain (High frequency: HF, low frequency: LF, and LF/HF ratio) using SA 3000P Digital. The results showed that The HRV in the patients and in the normal subjects were found with SDNN 28. 60, 31.44; RMSSD 23.78, 26.73; HF 4.70, 5.04; LF 4.46, 5.01; and LF/HF 1.16, 1.35 respectively. However, No significant difference in the HRV variables between MDD and normal subjects except LF. Findings of this study show that HRV in the treated patients with major depressive disorder seems to be a little lower than the normal subjects. This may be due to the effects of well treated with antidepressants. It is suggested that HRV may be one of the outcome measures for this patient population.

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Effects of stress, depression, and their interaction on heart rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and respiratory rate: sympathetic‐parasympathetic hypothesis of stress and depression

Cited by 80 publications

References 30 publications

Thermal Imaging to Study Stress Non-invasively in Unrestrained Birds

Thermal Imaging to Study Stress Non-invasively in Unrestrained Birds

Minimizing fear and anxiety in working dogs: A review

Comparison of Heart Rate Variability Between Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Normal Subjects

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