“…Furthermore, acute insulin administration improves memory in both humans and rodents (Craft et al, 2012; Park et al, 2000; Watson et al, 2006), and disruption of CNS insulin signaling leads to cognitive deficits in rodents (Lannert and Hoyer, 1998; Steen et al, 2005). Subsequent studies in animal models for insulin resistance, AD, or both, have established that insulin resistance exacerbates Aβ and tau phenotypes including enhanced Aβ 42/40 ratio, total tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau (Ho et al, 2004; Lester-Coll et al, 2006; Li et al, 2007; Masciopinto et al, 2012; Plaschke et al, 2010; Qu et al, 2011; Searcy et al, 2012; Takeda et al, 2010) and AD amyloidosis models exhibit insulin resistance (Rodriguez-Rivera et al, 2011). …”