Effects of strain energy on the preferred orientation of TiN thin films

Oh, U; Je, Jung Ho

doi:10.1063/1.355297

Cited by 379 publications

(159 citation statements)

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“…According to the above equation, the particle size must be the largest in the case of the argon-nitrogen gas mixture as the atomic diameter of argon is the largest among those of the two gaseous environments [42,43]. In this research, the particle size calculated by XRD and AFM conforms to the expectations from the above equation.…”

Section: Effect Of Different Sputtering Gasessupporting

confidence: 50%

Structural and mechanical characterisation of the chromium nitride hard coating deposited on the silicon and glass substrate

Shah¹

2017

Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.

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Chromium Nitride (CrN) thin films are known for their comparatively good mechanical properties. CrN was deposited on Silicon (100) and glass substrates by using DC magnetron sputtering and the influence of the partial nitrogen content and different gaseous environment on their microstructural characteristics were investigated in the present work. The CrN films were characterised with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Nanoindentation was used to characterise the structural and mechanical properties of the deposited thin film. The films showed the [200] preferred orientation at lower (at 20%) nitrogen contents while the intensity of the peak [111] increases with the increase in the nitrogen content. The Cr2N (220) peak was identified at a nitrogen content above 30%, but for nitrogen content above 40%, the CrN phase was observed in both films deposited on Si(100) and glass substrates. The preferred orientations of the CrN thin films are strongly influenced by the nitrogen content inside the chamber as observed in the present work. The surface roughness and deposition rate were observed in a reducing trend with the increasing N2 content and temperature from 20.31 to 2.71nm and from 30.16 nm/min to 25.66nm/min, respectively. The hardness and modulus of pure N2 films deposited on the Si substrates were evaluated by nanoindentaion testing and indicated 31 GPa and 250 GPa, respectively.

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Section: Effect Of Different Sputtering Gasessupporting

confidence: 50%

Structural and mechanical characterisation of the chromium nitride hard coating deposited on the silicon and glass substrate

Shah¹

2017

Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.

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“…14,15,27) In other words, when the coating is thin, the strain energy of the coating structure is very low and negligible. Conversely, the surface energy is high and important because surface energy does not vary with the coating thickness 14,15) ; therefore, the texture of the coating consists of planes which have the lowest surface energy and highest strain energy to compensate the shortage of strain energy and make a balance between surface and strain energies. 14,15,27) h layer has about 98 wt% of zinc and in hcp structure of this element, (00.2) planes have the lowest surface energy and the highest strain energy.…”

Section: Crystallographic Texture Of the Sheetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10) It has been reported that coating thickness may influence on the texture of the coatings, 14,15) formability and mechanical properties, 1) coefficient of friction 1,2) and corrosion resistance 16) of coated sheets. But, these effects have not been adequately clarified and there is not sufficient literature on this subject, particularly quantitative data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since texture is determined by a competition between surface and strain energies; at small thicknesses, the coating shows an orientation corresponding to that with lowest surface energy and highest strain en- ergy. 14,15,27) In other words, when the coating is thin, the strain energy of the coating structure is very low and negligible. Conversely, the surface energy is high and important because surface energy does not vary with the coating thickness 14,15) ; therefore, the texture of the coating consists of planes which have the lowest surface energy and highest strain energy to compensate the shortage of strain energy and make a balance between surface and strain energies.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of Coating Thickness on Formability of Hot-dip Galvanized Low Carbon Steel Sheet

Toroghinejad

Ashrafizadeh

2007

ISIJ Int.

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In this study, formability of hot-dip galvanized low carbon steel sheets has been evaluated. The effect of coating thickness on formability has been analyzed by using galvanized sheets with five different coating weights and a comparison has been made with an uncoated sheet. The crystallographic orientation of the coatings was determined using X-ray diffraction and texture parameters were calculated. Mechanical properties of samples were determined by uniaxial tensile tests and formability of the sheets was evaluated using forming limit diagrams (FLD). From the experimental results, it was concluded that by increasing the coating thickness, the texture parameter of basal planes component was decreased. Such variations caused the yield strength of the coated sheet to increase, but ductility was reduced. The overall evaluation of the results indicated that the formability of galvanized steel with thinner coating thickness is better than uncoated and other samples with thicker coatings.KEY WORDS: hot-dip galvanized low carbon steel; crystallographic texture; sheet metal formability; forming limit diagram.steel sheets and the specimens were sampled from the coils produced in a continuous galvanizing line. The substrate was a commercial low carbon Al-killed steel (St14) with the composition shown by weight percent in Table 1, which corresponds to St14 of German grade. Since manufacturing parameters of base metal can influence the formability of galvanized steel sheet, samples were selected such that finishing temperature of hot rolling, coiling temperature, reduction percent of cold rolling and annealing cycles were within the narrow range for all specimens.Test pieces were selected from sheets with different coating weights in the range 180-400 g/m 2 (18-40 mm for each side of the sheet) on a 0.5 mm thick steel substrate. Lead content of zinc bath and the process parameters of hot-dip galvanizing were almost identical for all samples. The temperature of zinc bath and entrance temperature of sheet to the bath were 460Ϯ2°C and 466Ϯ2°C, respectively. Samples were coded as W1 to W5 with respect to their increasing coating weight ( Table 2). Microscopic EvaluationsCross sections of coatings were studied using optical microscopy by conventional metallography. Because of high sensitivity of zinc to water, absolute alcohol was used for grinding and polishing of specimens. To avoid damage of the coating, polishing was carried out along the intermetallic layers and grinding was performed employing soft sand papers (2 400 or 4 000). The composition of coating layers was determined using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It should be mentioned that all the tests in this study were repeated three times and average values have been considered as the final results. Texture MeasurementThe crystallographic orientation of the coatings was determined using X-ray diffraction (Philips X'pert, CuKa radiation, step size 0.03°and counting time 1 s). A 2q scan was performed between 20°and 140°and the integrated intensities of several re...

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“…Also the texture of cubic titanium nitride is a decisive factor for the technical quality of the coatings, as the u Fax: +49-551-39-4493, E-mail: pschaaf@uni-goettingen.de texture influences strain development and finally crack formation and propagation. Some investigations on texture and strain development in relation to the process parameters have been reported in the literature [12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure of TiN coatings synthesized by direct pulsed Nd:YAG laser nitriding of titanium: Development of grain size, microstrain, and grain orientation

et al. 2008

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Pure titanium was irradiated by pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation in nitrogen atmosphere. As a result, nitrogen uptake and diffusion occurred and a TiN layer was synthesized at the titanium surface. These TiN coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and the diffraction patterns were investigated in detail, in order to obtain more information about the physical processes during the coating formation. The diffraction peaks were fitted by Pearson VII profiles and the grain size and the microstrain were determined by the analysis of line broadening and peak shifts, using the Williamson-Hall and the Warren-Averbach formalisms. Additional single-line analyses were performed by means of the method of Langford and Keijser to obtain information about the preferred grain orientation and the texture development. The maximum grain size was about 100 nm and a corresponding average lattice strain of 0.002 was found. A relation between the treatment parameters and the coating properties, such as grain size and microstrain, can be shown. Thus, it was possible to determine optimal scan parameters for material processing and to establish the physical limits of the coating properties.PACS 81.65.Lp; 81.15.Fg; 61.10.Nz; 68.55.Jk IntroductionNitriding and carburizing of metals are well known techniques to improve the tribological properties like hardness and wear resistance of technical surfaces [1]. As an example, plasma-and gas nitriding are established methods for surface treatment [2,3]. Alternatively, it is possible to treat the surface with laser radiation and to directly synthesize hard coatings [4][5][6][7][8]. Previous works have shown the successful synthesis of titanium nitride with laser irradiation [9][10][11]. Here, a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used for the nitriding treatment. The main advantages of this method are a reduction of the processing time and the negligible heat load for the workpiece. Stress, microstrain and inhomogeneity remain the main problems. Also the texture of cubic titanium nitride is a decisive factor for the technical quality of the coatings, as the u Fax: +49-551-39-4493, E-mail: pschaaf@uni-goettingen.de texture influences strain development and finally crack formation and propagation. Some investigations on texture and strain development in relation to the process parameters have been reported in the literature [12][13][14].This work resolves the resulting grain size and strain development and relates them to laser treatment parameters like scan parameters. In this way, one can try to predict optimum treatment parameters for optimum coating properties, i.e. find parameters that minimize the lattice strain in order to reduce crack formation and propagation. Experiments 2.1 Sample treatmentConventional α-titanium (purity > 99.98%) was used for the treatments. Titanium sheets of 1 mm thickness were cut into pieces of 15 × 15 mm 2 and used in the asreceived state without any further treatment.For laser nitriding, the samples were placed in a chamber which was first evacuated and then fil...

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Effects of strain energy on the preferred orientation of TiN thin films

Cited by 379 publications

References 18 publications

Structural and mechanical characterisation of the chromium nitride hard coating deposited on the silicon and glass substrate

Structural and mechanical characterisation of the chromium nitride hard coating deposited on the silicon and glass substrate

Effect of Coating Thickness on Formability of Hot-dip Galvanized Low Carbon Steel Sheet

Microstructure of TiN coatings synthesized by direct pulsed Nd:YAG laser nitriding of titanium: Development of grain size, microstrain, and grain orientation

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