Effects of statins on cytokines levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva and on clinical periodontal parameters of middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Objective To analyze the effect of statins on cytokines levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva and on clinical periodontal parameters of middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Systemically healthy controls (C group, n = 62), T2DM patients not taking statins (D group, n = 57) and T2DM patients taking statins (S group, n = 24) were recruited. In each group, subjects (40–85 years) were subclassified into the h (periodontal health)group, the g (gingivitis)group or the p (periodontitis) group according to different periodontal conditions. 17 cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva samples of each subject were measured utilizing the Luminex technology kit. Further, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin), FPG (fasting plasma glucose), PD (probing depth), CAL (clinical attachment level), BOP (bleeding on probing), GI (gingival index) and PI (periodontal index) were recorded. Data distribution was tested through the Shapiro-Wilk test, upon which the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied followed by Mann-Whitney U test and Bonferroni’s correction. Results Levels of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 in the saliva of the Dh group were significantly lower than those in the Ch group, while factor IL-4 was higher (p<0.05). Levels of MIP-3α, IL-7 and IL-2 in GCF of the Dh group were considerably higher than those in the Ch group (p<0.05), while that of IL-23 was considerably lower. Compared with the Cg group, levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 were significantly lower in the saliva of the Dg group (p<0.05). Lower levels of IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-10 were detected in the Sg group than those in the Cg group (p<0.05). At the same time, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-13, IL-17, IL-21 and MIP-3α in the gingival crevicular fluid of the Sg group were lower in comparison with the Dg group. In addition, lower levels of IL-4 and higher levels of IL-7 in GCF were identified in the Dg group than those in the Cg group, while in the Sg group, lower levels of IL-4, MIP-1αand MIP-3αwere observed than those in the Cg group (p<0.05). Lower levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and I-TAC were found in the Sp group compared with those in the Cp group. The IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were lower in the Dp group than those in the Cp group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, in the Sp group, lower levels of pro-inflammatory factors IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-21 and TNF-α, in addition to higher levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-5 in gingival crevicular fluid, were identified than those in the Dp group. Higher levels of IFN-γ,IL-1β,IL-2,IL-7,IL-21 and TNF-α and a lower level of IL-5 in the Dp group were identified than those in the Cp group (p<0.05). Moreover, statins were able to substantially reduce PD in T2DM patients with periodontitis, indicating an obvious influence on the levels of cytokines secreted by Th1 cells, Th2 cells and Th17 cells, as revealed by PCA (principal component analysis). Conclusion Statins are associated with reduced PD and cytokines levels in the GCF and saliva of T2DM patients with periodontitis.

A high-throughput, 28-day, microfluidic model of gingival tissue inflammation and recovery

“…Additionally, during the 30-day culture period, we quantified the baseline inflammatory profile of the MOUTH model by multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay and observed that the prevalence of the analytes surveyed (Supplementary Fig. 1) was consistent with observed inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profiles of gingival cervicular fluid from periodontally healthy human subjects [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] . Similar to other in vitro gingival tissue models using both submerged and ALI culture methods 15 , MOUTH tissue morphology maintained five to eight layers of keratinocytes measuring up to 200 µm thick.…”

Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus using lipid-lowering agents have better periodontal health than non-users

“…Similar studies in individuals with no T2D have been conflicting. Some studies reported associations between statin use and lesser periodontitis severity 26,27,48,50 ; two studies showed little relationship between statin use and tooth loss. 49,51 A retrospective study by Cunha-Cruz et al from 1021 individuals reported that any statin use during the first 3 years after the initial periodontal exam was associated with a 48% reduction in tooth loss in subsequent years.…”

Circulating cytokine profile and modulation of regulatory T cells in chronic hepatitis B patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Inayat et al revealed that inflammation-associated genes were upregulated in peripheral blood leukocytes in T2DM patients, while metformin was demonstrated to be an anti-inflammatory reagent, that appeared to be independent of its anti-hyperglycemic activity in T2DM patients [22]. IL-7 levels are increased in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva and in clinical periodontal parameters of middle-aged and elderly T2DM patients [23]. Elevated IL-15 expression alters the biological behavior of trophoblasts in vitro and contributes to the placental pathology in gestational diabetes mellitus [24].…”