Effects of Starvation on Sex Hormones in the Male

Jacobs, Eugene C.

doi:10.1210/jcem-8-3-227

Cited by 44 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Conditions such as starvation and substantial weight loss have also been associated with GM as they may cause secondary T deficiency. As reproduction is considered an energy‐consuming function, the body switches off the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis in a generalized attempt to reduce energy expenditure, according to whether environmental circumstances are advantageous for reproduction or not (Jacobs, ; Smith et al ., ; Sattin et al ., ). By this mechanism, called ‘ontogenic regression’, all severe chronic diseases can potentially lead to the development of GM and may explain its extremely high prevalence in hospitalized or recovering men (Niewoehner & Nuttal, ).…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

EAA clinical practice guidelines—gynecomastia evaluation and management

et al. 2019

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Background: Gynecomastia (GM) is a benign proliferation of the glandular tissue of the breast in men. It is a frequent condition with a reported prevalence of 32-65%, depending on the age and the criteria used for definition. GM of infancy and puberty are common, benign conditions resolving spontaneously in the majority of cases. GM of adulthood is more prevalent among the elderly and proper investigation may reveal an underlying pathology in 45-50% of cases. Objectives: The aim was to provide clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of GM. Materials and methods: A literature search of articles in English for the term 'gynecomastia' was conducted. Evidence-based recommendations were developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Results: A set of five statements and fifteen clinical recommendations was formulated. Conclusions: The purpose of GM assessment should be the detection of underlying pathological conditions, reversible causes (administration/abuse of aggravating substances), and the discrimination from other breast lumps, particularly breast cancer. Assessment should comprise a thorough medical history and physical examination of the breast and genitalia (including testicular ultrasound). A set of laboratory investigations may integrate the evaluation: testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), alpha-fetal protein (AFP), liver and renal function tests. Breast imaging may be used whenever the clinical examination is equivocal. In suspicious lesions, core needle biopsy should be sought directly instead. Watchful waiting is recommended after treatment of underlying pathology or discontinuation of substances associated with GM. T treatment should be offered to men with proven T deficiency. The use of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and non-aromatizable androgens is not justified in general. Surgical treatment is the therapy of choice for patients with long-lasting GM.

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Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

EAA clinical practice guidelines—gynecomastia evaluation and management

et al. 2019

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“…The mechanism by which this occurs is probably related to the fatty liver change that occurs in such patients. Originally described in liberated prisoners of war [19], it may als0 be seen in patients who have been severely ill in intensive care units.…”

Section: Starvation Refeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benign disorders of the male breast

Webster

1989

World j. surg.

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Gynecomastia is the dominating problem of the male breast. Other diseases are rare but mimic the same conditions in women. Gynecomastia may occur at any age either as a primary event, when it is due to a minor hormonal imbalance, or secondary to other pathology (e.g., liver failure) or drugs. Treatment consists of assessment of cause and reassurance. In a minority of patients, treatment with drugs--such as danazol--or surgical resection is indicated.

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“…Most survivors found their memories unwelcome and obtrusive, but there were a few who actually seemed to derive pleasure from them. Depression and guilt are also very common manifestations of the syndrome (Jacobs, 1948;Chodoff, 1959;Shanon, 1970) as the victim experiences guilt for having survived his trauma which so many others did not. Koranyi (1969) has also provided an extensive overview of the survivor syndrome.…”

Section: The Generalisation Of Findings From Studies Of Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…J^e vast majority of the cases were, by the end of the study, fully employed. The effects of prolonged starvation on sex hormones was studied by Jacobs (1948) among POWs who had been incarcerated as long as 40 months. Although the experience produced symptoms Indicating a decrease in sex hormone production following recovery, there was no evidence of impotence or sterility.…”

Section: Peyahoeomatia Symptome and Sleep Problemementioning

confidence: 99%

Long Term Psychological and Physical Effects of the POW Experience: A Review of the Literature

Segal¹

1974

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Effects of Starvation on Sex Hormones in the Male

Cited by 44 publications

References 4 publications

EAA clinical practice guidelines—gynecomastia evaluation and management

EAA clinical practice guidelines—gynecomastia evaluation and management

Benign disorders of the male breast

Long Term Psychological and Physical Effects of the POW Experience: A Review of the Literature

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