Effects of spirulina in arsenic poisoning in the Black Bengal goat

Abstract

the uplift of the CAP margins started (Yildirim et al. 2011;Cosentino et al. 2012;Schildgen et al. 2012). Here we describe the type section of the Tuğlu Formation, a sequence exceptionally rich in fossils. The section has been sampled for micropalaeontological (ostracods, foraminifera, pollen, Characeae), palaeontological (molluscs, small mammals, fish remains), environmental magnetism, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses (on ostracods and bulk sediment samples) as well as strontium isotope analyses (on ostracods and foraminifera) and major elements composition of the sediments. Through a highly multidisciplinary approach, we document the Abstract: The Çankırı Basin, located in the northern part of the Central Anatolian Plateau, is a large Tertiary basin where thick Miocene to Quaternary continental sediments overlay the Cretaceous-Tertiary units. This investigation focuses on the Tuğlu Formation, an Upper Miocene succession mainly composed of dark grey silty and organic rich clays. The type section of Tuğlu has been sampled for an array of multidisciplinary analyses. The palaeontological proxies included ostracod, foraminifer, nannoplankton, pollen, molluscs, charophytes, small mammal assemblages, fish, and crab remains. The abiotic parameters studied were: palaeomagnetism and environmental magnetism, stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios (on ostracods and bulk sediment samples), strontium isotope ratios (on ostracods and foraminifera), and major elemental composition of the sediments. All analysed proxies point to a continental setting characterised by permanent water bodies affected by strong salinity oscillations. A shallow saline lake developed in a permanent freshwater lake. Barren layers, potentially linked to a short subaerial exposure, mark the end of the saline lake and the transition to a fluvial environment. Geochemical analysis confirms aridity-humidity oscillations as recorded by the micropalaeontological proxies. Analysis of small mammal assemblages refined the chronology of the Tuğlu Formation, with the onset of the deposition at the base of the mammal zone MN9 (around 11 Ma) and continuous deposition until the MN11 zone (around 8 Ma). The stable oxygen isotope records from the Tuğlu section point to Miocene δ 18 O water values consistent with subdued topography where no prominent mountain belts were yet developed at the northern plateau margin. If correct, this suggests that at least until the end of the deposition of the Tuğlu Formation, the Çankırı Basin did not yet experience rain shadow conditions, and the regional surface uplift of the area most likely occurred after 8 Ma.

Protective Role of Spirulina and Vitamin E against Arsenic Toxicity in Rats

“…Spirulina reduced As level significantly from the tissues compared to only arsenic treated rats which was in agree with finding of Fariduddin et al (2001), who stated that spirulina was effective in lowering arsenic level from the arsenic loaded tissues in rats and Ghosh et al (2014), who stated that spirulina was effective in lowering of arsenic level from blood of induced arsenicosis in goats. Vitamin E reduced As level significantly from the tissues compared to only arsenic treated rats that agreed with the findings of Islam et al (2005), who stated that supplementation of vitamin E, iron and zinc reduces the arsenic concentration in tissues like liver, kidney, spleen, heart, intestine, stomach, muscle and dermis of rats as well as lower the tissue damage caused by arsenic.…”

Ameliorative Effect of Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants on Arsenic Toxicity in Male Mice: Biochemical and Histological Perspectives

“…In agreement with previous studies regarding arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity in rats [12,26], mice [25] and goats [24], sections of kidney from arsenate treated mice in the current study showed glomerulonephritis, proximal tubular necrosis, epithelial damage and loss of nuclei, interstitial hemorrhages and mononuclear cell infiltration, as well as hyaline casts within the medullary tubules. In accordance with previous studies on arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity in rats treated with ascorbic acid [12], in mice treated with Vitamin C and E [25] and in goats supplemented with spirulina [24], significant reno-protective effects were observed.…”

“…In agreement with previous studies regarding arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity [12,24,26], liver sections from arsenate treated mice showed moderate to marked venous congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, multiple foci of mononuclear cell infiltration and parenchymal disorganization.…”

“…Several researchers investigated the histopathological effects of arsenicals on the liver of rats [12], mice [23] and goat [24]. Other investigations have showed the effect of arsenicals on renal tissues [12,[24][25][26].…”

The Ameliorative Effect of Green Tea, Garlic and Vitamin C on Arsenic Toxicity in Male Mice: Biochemical and Histological Forensic Perspectives

“…Vitamin C, as well as any other water soluble antioxidants, scavenge ROS and play an important role in the regulation of intracellular redox state [7]. Several researchers investigated the histopathological effects of arsenicals on the liver and kidney of rats, mice and goats [12,[23][24][25][26].…”