Effects of spatial pattern of greenspace on urban cooling in a large metropolitan area of eastern China

Kong, Fanhua; Yin, Hui; James, Philip; Hutyra, Lucy R.; He, Hong S.

doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.018

Cited by 349 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The influence of spatial arrangements of urban green spaces on mitigating the thermal environment have been recognized from city to regional scales (Kong et al, 2014;Stone, Vargo, Liu, Hu, & Russell, 2013;Zhou et al, 2011), but few studies paid attention to the cooling effects of vegetation at the neighborhood scale. In the present study, we analyzed the cooling effects of vegetation in relation to shading effects by adjacent buildings.…”

Section: The Effect Of Added Vegetation On Air Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, patch density of greenspaces has a significant positive relationship with surface temperature, meaning that an increase in patch density will lead to higher UHI magnitude (Li et al, 2013). Kong, Yin, James, Hutyra, and He (2014) indicated that a large greenspace patch may enhance the cooling effects of nearby smaller greenspaces. They suggested using multiple small greenspaces in urban planning to improve the urban thermal environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimizing the spatial arrangement of trees in residential neighborhoods for better cooling effects: Integrating modeling with in-situ measurements

Chen

2017

Landscape and Urban Planning

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A B S T R A C TTrees have long been recognized as effective for mitigating urban heat islands by reducing air temperature through evapotranspiration and intercepting shortwave radiation that heat up land surfaces. Many studies have shown that both the composition and configuration of vegetation can contribute to heat reduction at the city scale. Fewer studies, however, have focused on cooling mechanisms at the neighborhood scale. Here, we integrate modeling with in situ measurements to investigate how different spatial arrangements of trees in residential neighborhoods affect their cooling effects. We conducted the research in a residential neighborhood with high-rise apartment buildings in Beijing. We tested four scenarios with different spatial arrangements of trees, and quantified their effects on cooling. We used the high spatial and temporal resolution microclimate model ENVI-met and validated the model with in situ measurements. We found: (1) Different spatial arrangements had differentiated effects on intercepting shortwave radiation, which led to variations in air temperature. For example, new trees that were completely exposed to solar radiation had stronger cooling effects (air temperature was 0.22°C lower) than new trees that were located in the shadow of surrounding buildings. (2) Different spatial arrangements led to obviously different effects of sensible heat reduction, with a maximum difference of 14.84 × 10 8 J/ha. Our results underscore the importance of the spatial arrangement of trees on cooling in residential neighborhoods. These results have important implications in urban planning and design at the neighborhood scale.

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Section: The Effect Of Added Vegetation On Air Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the spatial arrangement of trees in residential neighborhoods for better cooling effects: Integrating modeling with in-situ measurements

Chen

2017

Landscape and Urban Planning

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“…Noise on urban roads was 8.0 dB louder than in the urban park, controlled by location. The reductions in noise and temperature in the urban green space have been commonly found in global research and local studies [53][54][55][56][57]. Table 5.…”

Section: Application Ii: Urban Road/park Testsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Towards a Smart City: Development and Application of an Improved Integrated Environmental Monitoring System

Wong

Wang

et al. 2018

Sustainability

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Abstract:Environmental deprivation is an issue influencing the urban wellbeing of a city. However, there are limitations to spatiotemporally monitoring the environmental deprivation. Thus, recent studies have introduced the concept of "Smart City" with the use of advanced technology for real-time environmental monitoring. In this regard, this study presents an improved Integrated Environmental Monitoring System (IIEMS) with the consideration on nine environmental parameters: temperature, relative humidity, PM 2.5 , PM 10 , CO, SO 2 , volatile organic compounds (VOCs), UV index, and noise. This system was comprised of a mobile unit and a server-based platform with nine highly accurate micro-sensors in-coupling into the mobile unit for estimating these environmental exposures. A calibration test using existing monitoring station data was conducted in order to evaluate the systematic errors. Two applications with the use of the new system were also conducted under different scenarios: pre-and post-typhoon days and in areas with higher and lower vegetation coverage. Linear regressions were applied to predict the changes in environmental quality after a typhoon and to estimate the difference in environmental exposures between urban roads and green spaces. The results show that environmental exposures interact with each other, while some exposures are also controlled by location. PM 2.5 had the highest change after a typhoon with an estimated 8.0 µg/m 3 decrease that was controlled by other environmental factors and geographical location. Sound level and temperature were significantly higher on urban roads than in urban parks. This study demonstrates the potential to use IIEMS for environmental quality measurements under the greater framework of a Smart City and for sustainability research.

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“…[22,78]. Vegetation differs from urban surface materials in terms of exchanges of heat, mass, and momentum with the atmosphere [79].…”

Section: Urban Vegetation Descriptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Urban Design Descriptors on Outdoor Thermal Environment: A Literature Review

et al. 2017

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This paper presents a literature review on urban design indicators addressing the impact of urban geometry and vegetation on the outdoor thermal environment at the pedestrian level, as urban geometry and vegetation have been regarded as the most influential urban design factors that affect outdoor microclimate. The thermal balance concept is first introduced to elaborate how each component of energy fluxes is affected by the urban built environment, which helps to explore the underlying thermophysical mechanisms of how urban design modifies the outdoor thermal environment. The literature on numerous urban design descriptors addressing urban geometric characteristics is categorized into five groups in this paper according to the design features that the parameters entail, including land use intensity, building form, canyon geometry, space enclosure and descriptive characteristics. The literature on urban vegetation descriptors is reviewed together, followed by the combined effect of urban geometry and vegetation. This paper identifies a series of important urban design parameters and shows that the impact of design parameters on thermal environment varies with time, season, local climate and urban contexts. Contradictory impacts often occur between daytime and nighttime, or different seasons, which requests trade-offs to be achieved when proposing design strategies.

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Effects of spatial pattern of greenspace on urban cooling in a large metropolitan area of eastern China

Cited by 349 publications

References 76 publications

Optimizing the spatial arrangement of trees in residential neighborhoods for better cooling effects: Integrating modeling with in-situ measurements

Optimizing the spatial arrangement of trees in residential neighborhoods for better cooling effects: Integrating modeling with in-situ measurements

Towards a Smart City: Development and Application of an Improved Integrated Environmental Monitoring System

The Impact of Urban Design Descriptors on Outdoor Thermal Environment: A Literature Review

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