Effects of spacer geometry on pressure drop, mass transfer, mixing behavior, and residence time distribution

Impact of different spacer filament geometries on concentration polarization control in narrow membrane channel

“…Hence, numerous researchers have well-agreed the role of spacers as a turbulence promoter and mass transfer enhancer in the membrane channel [1][2][3]. Precise reveal of the hydrodynamics and concentration polarization phenomenon in the spacer-filled membrane is vital to ensure concentration polarization phenomenon can be minimized at minimum energy consumption since the presence of feed spacer is plausible to increase pressure drop [4,5].…”

Solute rejection by porous thin film composite nanofiltration membranes at high feed water recoveries

“…A thorough literature review [32][33][34][35] revealed that previously derived mass transfer correlations cannot be directly applied for the rectangular cell (15.5 × 9.5 × 0.086 cm), diamond shaped spacer geometry (2.5 × 2.5 × 0.78 mm), and hydrodynamic conditions employed in our experiments. Therefore, an empirical mass transfer correlation strictly valid only under our conditions was developed using…”

Saline Water Desalination with Single-pass Ion-exchange Membrane Electrodialysis - Computer Simulation

“…Hydrodynamic diameter of a desalting or a concentrating cell (electric current passing section); d H,cell and that of a desalting or a concentrating slot; d H,slot incorporated with a diagonal net spacer are expressed by the following equation [19,20].…”