Effects of sonochemical approach and induced contraction of core–shell bismuth sulfide/graphitic carbon nitride as an efficient electrode materials for electrocatalytic detection of antibiotic drug in foodstuffs

Past and Present of Electrochemical Sensors and Methods for Amphenicol Antibiotic Analysis

“…Despite the fact that at most reported electrodes CAP electrochemistry followed the same pathway [ 50 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 74 , 83 , 84 , 89 , 93 , 94 , 97 , 110 , 111 , 113 , 115 ], the corresponding signals were shifted within some limits of about 0.200–0.300 V as can be observed from Figure 3 . On the other hand, the peak current variation with the scan rate emphasized that at some electrodes CAP reduction was diffusion controlled [ 5 , 50 , 57 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 74 , 84 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ], whereas in other cases the electrode process was governed by the CAP adsorption on the sensor surface [ 55 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 72 , 83 , 87 , 94 , 97 , 105 , ...…”

“…Thus, for example, in the first approach a thin film was formed by dropping an ethanolic graphene nanoflakes dispersion [ 50 ], a polydopamine functionalized vapor-grown carbon fiber composite slurry [ 94 ], DMF suspension of Co 3 O 4 @rGO [ 58 ] or of graphene/copper phtalocyanine [ 62 ], a solution containing gold nanoflowers, N-hydroxysuccinimide and graphene oxide [ 107 ], a dispersion in DMF of the nanocomposite carbon nanotubes/ethylene diamine/gold nanoparticles [ 118 ], Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 @rG slurry in isopropyl alcohol and Milli-Q water [ 57 ], ZnWO 4 nanowires [ 90 ] or GO/PdNPs [ 66 ] ethanolic suspension, dispersion of Eu 2 O 3 NPs@rGO in water:ethanol [ 111 ] or of Fe/NC in deionized water:isopropyl alcohol:Nafion [ 88 ] on the electrode surface. This step was followed by drying in ambient conditions [ 50 , 57 , 65 , 66 , 88 , 94 , 105 , 107 , 111 , 113 ], at higher temperatures [ 59 , 61 , 84 , 112 ] or under vacuum [ 62 ].…”

“…With very few exceptions, the reduction signal C1 was exploited for CAP electrochemical quantification [ 80 ]. Investigation of the pH influence on this signal emphasized that the highest peak currents were usually obtained in PBS pH 7.00 [ 50 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 70 , 80 , 83 , 84 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ] or 7.40 [ 55 , 62 , 74 , 105 , 107 ], but depending on the employed working electrode somewhat lower (BRB pH 5.00 at PGE [ 5 ]) or higher (pH 8.00 at Pt-Pd NCs/rGO/GCE [ 68 ]) values were established to be optimum. This observation was correlated with CAP pKa value (5.52) [ 48 , 92 ] and with the fact that CAP is easily hydrolyzed in both acidic and alkaline media [ 92 , 112 ].…”

“…However, as the sample matrix became more complex, pretreatment protocols were required to bring the analyte into an interference free measurable form. Some reports indicated that before the voltammetric analysis, the milk or honey samples were only diluted [ 59 , 62 , 65 , 67 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ] whilst others also performed a centrifugation step [ 55 , 60 , 88 , 94 ]. The literature also contains procedures that include the addition of perchloric acid [ 69 , 81 ] or trichloroacetic acid [ 51 , 56 , 70 , 85 , 93 , 107 ] to milk samples in order to precipitate the proteins and the analyte extraction with ethyl acetate [ 51 , 56 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 81 , 85 , 93 , 107 ].…”

“…A few more examples demonstrating the analytical applications of the electrochemical sensors for the amphenicol analysis in real samples are briefly presented next. CAP measured by SWV at Fe 3 O 4 /ET-GCE [ 46 ] and DPV at Bi 2 S 3 @GCN/SPCE [ 113 ] in shrimp extracts using standard addition method gave recoveries in the range 98.70–99.10% and 99.12–99.52%, respectively.…”