Effects of some cosmetic dyes and pigments on the proliferation of human foreskin fibroblasts and cellular oxidative stress; potential cytotoxicity of chlorophyllin and indigo carmine on fibroblasts

Abstract

Introduction Fibroblasts and fibroblast‐like cells (FLCs) are highly distributed in the dermis layer of the skin and gastrointestinal tract. A few studies have investigated the effects of color additives of cosmetic products on human fibroblasts. Therefore, this in vitro study was conducted to investigate the effects of 9 synthetic and natural dyes (indigo carmine, carmine, sunset yellow, tropaeolin, acid green 25, chlorophyllin, tartrazine, lissamine, and amaranth) on human foreskin fibroblast cells. Methods MTT assay was applied to investigate the effects of dyes on human normal fibroblast cells. For investigating the possible mechanism of cytotoxicity, the effect of dyes was evaluated on parameters of cellular oxidative stress including lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as lactate dehydrogenase. Results In the MTT assay, a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the viability of fibroblast cells by chlorophyllin and indigo carmine at concentrations higher than 10 and 100 (μg/ml), respectively. Acid green 25 caused a significant reduction at very high concentrations (1000 and 2000 μg/ml), which was not toxic. The effect of other investigated dyes was not significant on the fibroblasts. A trend in increased cell proliferation by amaranth and carmine was observed, but this enhancement was not statistically significant. No significant changes were observed in lipid peroxidation or lactate dehydrogenase. Chlorophyllin caused a significant increase in the production of cellular ROS. Conclusions Indigo carmine and chlorophyllin had cytotoxicity on human fibroblasts, and thus, further studies are required on their safety of use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Cirrhosis-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes: The therapeutic potential of taurine

“…For this purpose, 500 µl of the 5% v : v (in PBS) of erythrocytes were suspended in 500 µl of 4°C Tris-HCl buffer (pH = 7.4, 40 mM). Then, 10 µl of DCF-DA (final concentration of 10 µM) was added and incubated in the dark (10 min, 37°C, shaking incubator) [65,71,[76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]. After incubation, the fluorescence intensity was measured at λ excit = 485 nm and λ emiss = 525 nm using a fluorimeter (FLUOstar Omega, Germany) [84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91].…”

Indigo Carmine: Between Necessity and Concern

“…Indigo carmine was tested in vitro on cell cultures prepared from bovine coccygeal intervertebral disc tissue, and it was demonstrated that the staining efficacy and cytotoxicity were proportional to dye concentration, but significant toxicity was observed at concentrations higher than 2.5 mg/mL [146]. Furthermore, the effect of indigo carmine was tested in vitro on human chondrocytes, where a significant decrease in the number of viable cells was observed at concentrations of 10% and 100% [105] and on human fibroblasts where it was observed a reduction in cell proliferation at concentrations of 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 µg/mL [21].…”

Effects of Indigo Carmine on Growth, Cell Division, and Morphology of Allium cepa L. Root Tip

“…The chemical formula for indigo carmine is C 16 H 8 N 2 Na 2 O 5 S 2 [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Despite its toxic potential reported in the literature, indigo carmine has many uses in foods, medicine, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”