Effects of Somatostatin on the Responses of Rostrally Projecting Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons to Noxious Stimuli in Cats

Jung, Sung Jun; Jo, Su‐Hyun; Lee, Sanghyuck; Oh, Eunhui; Kim, Minseok; Nam, Woo Dong; Oh, Seunghee

doi:10.4196/kjpp.2008.12.5.253

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…It is plausible that the SSTR2 antagonist induced excitatory responses are evoked by removal of inhibitory SST directly at the different pools of SPN regulating splanchnic SNA, the heart and iBAT. Our data and that of others demonstrate that SST terminals are present in the IML and that there are premotor sympathetic and spinal (Jung et al, 2008) sources of SST that may be tonically released.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Somatostatin 2 Receptors in the Spinal Cord Tonically Restrain Thermogenic, Cardiac and Other Sympathetic Outflows

et al. 2019

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The anatomical and functional characterization of somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) within the spinal cord have been focused in the dorsal horn, specifically in relation to sensory afferent processing. However, SST is also present within the intermediolateral cell column (IML), which contains sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN). We investigated the distribution of SSTR2 within the thoracic spinal cord and show that SSTR2A and SSTR2B are expressed in the dorsal horn and on SPN and non-SPN in or near the IML. The effects of activating spinal SSTR and SSTR2 were sympathoinhibition, hypotension, bradycardia, as well as decreases in interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature and expired CO 2 , in keeping with the well-described inhibitory effects of activating SSTR receptors. These data indicate that spinal SST can decrease sympathetic, cardiovascular and thermogenic activities. Unexpectedly blockade of SSTR2 revealed that SST tonically mantains sympathetic, cardiovascular and thermogenic functions, as activity in all measured parameters increased. In addition, high doses of two antagonists evoked biphasic responses in sympathetic and cardiovascular outflows where the initial excitatory effects were followed by profound but transient falls in sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate and blood pressure. These latter effects, together with our findings that SSTR2A are expressed on GABAergic, presumed interneurons, are consistent with the idea that SST2R tonically influence a diffuse spinal GABAergic network that regulates the sympathetic cardiovascular outflow. As described here and elsewhere the source of tonically released spinal SST may be of intra- and/or supra-spinal origin.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Somatostatin 2 Receptors in the Spinal Cord Tonically Restrain Thermogenic, Cardiac and Other Sympathetic Outflows

et al. 2019

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“…SOM has a dual effect in spinal nociceptive processing dependent on various kinds of noxious stimuli. SOM may suppress the responses of dorsal horn neurons to noxious heat and mechanical stimuli or may facilitate the responses of dorsal horn neurons to noxious cold stimuli [87]. Although SOM plays an important role in spinal nociceptive processing, knowledge of its activity is too limited to explain why subclinical LPS in the present study did not affect SOM levels in DRG but caused a decreased concentration of SOM in the sacral spinal cord (Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Subclinical lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis induces neuropeptide dysregulation in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia

Mikołajczyk

Złotkowska

2019

BMC Neurosci

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Background Despite increasing evidence that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects the biological active substances of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) we have limited knowledge of the influence of a single low dose of LPS, which does not result in any clinical symptoms of disease (subclinical LPS) on neuropeptides connected with the sensory pathway. Accordingly, in this work, we investigated the influence of subclinical LPS from Salmonella Enteritidis on selected neuropeptides: substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SOM) in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the DRG and spinal cord. Methods This study was performed on immature female pigs of the Pietrain × Duroc breed. Seven days after the intravenous injection of saline solution for control animals (n = 5) and 5 μg/kg b.w. LPS from S. Enteritidis for the experimental group (n = 5), the DRG and the spinal cord were collected to extract the neuropeptides using solid-phase extraction technology. Results Our results demonstrated that subclinical LPS in DRG was able to change the levels of all studied neuropeptides except SOM, whereas in the spinal cord it down-regulated all studied neuropeptides in the sacral spinal cord, maintaining the concentration of all studied neuropeptides in other regions similar to that observed in the control animals. The significant differences in the intensity and character of observed changes between particular regions of the DRG suggest that the exact functions of the studied neuropeptides and mechanisms of responses to subclinical LPS action depend on specific characteristics and functions of each examination region of DRG. Conclusions The mechanisms of observed changes are not fully understood and require further study of the molecular interactions between subclinical LPS from S . Enteritidis and neuronal and non-neuronal cells of DRG and spinal cord. The peripheral and central pain pathways must be analysed with the aspect of unknown long-term consequences of the influence of subclinical LPS from S. Enteritidis on neuropeptides in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia.

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“…These locations in the central nervous system have a role in pain transmission or inhibition (it can have dual effect on neurons; depending on the modality of pain signalled); therefore, somatostatin analogues would be expected to have an effect on pain (Chapman and Dickenson 1992;Dean 2001;Jung et al 2008) and pancreatic carcinoma pain, bone pain from metastatic carcinoid and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (Conno et al 1994;Johnson et al 1997;Dean 2001;Katai et al 2005). Epidural somatostatin was successfully implemented in analgesia of upper abdominal surgery and cancer pain (Taurà et al 1994;Beltrutti et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of acromegaly-associated headache with somatostatin analgesia

Kaniuka-Jakubowska

Levy

Pal

et al. 2023

Endocrine-Related Cancer

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To characterise somatostatin analogue responsive headache in acromegaly, hitherto not systematically documented in a significant cohort. Using the UK pituitary network, we have clinically characterised a cohort of 18 patients suffering from acromegaly-related headache with a clear response to somatostatin analogues. The majority of patients had chronic migraine (78%) as defined by the International Headache Society diagnostic criteria. Headache was present at the time of acromegaly presentation and clearly associated temporally with disease activity in all cases. Short-acting somatostatin analogues uniquely resolved pain within minutes and the mean duration of analgesia was 1-6 hours. Patients on long-acting analogues required less short-acting injections (mean 3.7 vs. 10.4 injections per day, p=0.005). 94% used somatostatin analogues to control ongoing headache pain. All patients presented with macroadenoma, most had incomplete resection (94%) and headache was ipsilateral to remnant tissue (94%). Although biochemical control was achieved in 78% of patients, headache remained in 71% of them. Patients selected for this study had ongoing headache post-treatment (mean duration 16 years after diagnosis); only 4 patients reached headache remission 26 years (mean, range 14-33) after the diagnosis. Headache in acromegaly patients can be persistent, severe, unrelieved by surgery, long-lasting and uncoupled from biochemical control. We show here that long-acting analogues allow a decrease in the number of short-acting analogue injections for headache relief. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms, markers and tumour tissue characteristics of acromegaly-related headache. Until then, this publication serves to provide the clinical characteristics as a reference point for further study.

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Effects of Somatostatin on the Responses of Rostrally Projecting Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons to Noxious Stimuli in Cats

Cited by 4 publications

References 51 publications

Somatostatin 2 Receptors in the Spinal Cord Tonically Restrain Thermogenic, Cardiac and Other Sympathetic Outflows

Somatostatin 2 Receptors in the Spinal Cord Tonically Restrain Thermogenic, Cardiac and Other Sympathetic Outflows

Subclinical lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis induces neuropeptide dysregulation in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia

A study of acromegaly-associated headache with somatostatin analgesia

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