Effects of solar-withering and turn over treatment during indoor-withering on the formation of pouchong tea aroma.

Kobayashi, Akio; Tachiyama, Keiko; Kawakami, Michiko; Yamanishi, Tei; JUAN, I.-M.; CHIU, W. T.-F.

doi:10.1271/bbb1961.49.1655

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…After the solar-withering treatment, oolong tea products have a floral and fruity aroma. However, indoor-withering results in oolong tea products with a dull aroma (Kobayashi et al, 1985). Combined with the expression of lncRNAs and their target genes related to terpenoid metabolism, high terpenoid contents may promote the development of a higher quality aroma in the SW than in the IW.…”

Section: Discussion the Expression Levels Of The Identified Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important process in the traditional oolong tea production method involves a solar-withering treatment based on the tea leaf condition. Additionally, solar-withering positively regulates the production of floral and fruity aromas, thereby improving the aroma quality index of oolong tea (Kobayashi et al, 1985;Fu et al, 2015). During the solar-withering process, fresh tea leaves gradually shrink and soften because of the spontaneous and slow dehydration, and the tea flavor compounds undergo biochemical changes, which may contribute to the unique mellow and rich taste of oolong tea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2019

Front. Plant Sci.

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Oolong tea is a popular and semi-fermented beverage. During the processing of tea leaves, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the characteristic secondary metabolites during the withering of oolong tea leaves remain unknown. In this study, phytochemical analyses indicated that total polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were all less abundant in the solar-withered leaves (SW) than in the fresh leaves (FL) and indoor-withered leaves (IW). In contrast, terpenoid, jasmonic acid (JA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) contents were higher in the SW than in the FL and IW. By analyzing the transcriptome data, we detected 32,036 lncRNAs. On the basis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the flavonoid metabolic pathway, the terpenoid metabolic pathway, and the JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were enriched pathways. Additionally, 63 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 23 target genes were identified related to the three pathways. A comparison of the expression profiles of the DE-lncRNAs and their target genes between the SW and IW revealed four up-regulated genes (FLS, CCR, CAD, and HCT), seven up-regulated lncRNAs, four down-regulated genes (4CL, CHI, F3H, and F3'H), and three downregulated lncRNAs related to flavonoid metabolism; nine up-regulated genes (DXS, CMK, HDS, HDR, AACT, MVK, PMK, GGPPS, and TPS), three up-regulated lncRNAs, and six down-regulated lncRNAs related to terpenoid metabolism; as well as six upregulated genes (LOX, AOS, AOC, OPR, ACX, and MFP2), four up-regulated lncRNAs, and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction. These results suggested that the expression of DE-lncRNAs and their targets involved in the three pathways may be related to the low abundance of the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins (EGC, CG, GCG, ECG, and EGCG) and the

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Section: Discussion the Expression Levels Of The Identified Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2019

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Similar results were also obtained by comparing the VOCs of tea before and after the withering step to manufacture oolong tea (Ma et al., ). If the turn‐over treatment is at intervals conducted during withering, VOCs based on amino acids and carotenoids may be increased, such as cis ‐jasmone (Kobayashi et al., ).…”

Section: Tea Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry and Biological Activities of Processed Camellia sinensis Teas: A Comprehensive Review

Liang

Zhou

et al. 2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

341

237

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Tea is a typical processed beverage from the fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] or Camellia assamica [Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Mast.) Kitamura] through different manufacturing techniques. The secondary metabolites of fresh tea leaves are mainly flavan‐3‐ols, phenolic acids, purine alkaloids, condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, saponins, flavonols, and their glycoside forms. During the processing, tea leaves go through several steps, such as withering, rolling, fermentation, postfermentation, and roasting (drying) to produce different types of tea. After processing, theaflavins, thearubigins, and flavan‐3‐ols derivatives emerge as the newly formed compounds with a corresponding decrease in concentrations of catechins. Each type of tea has its own critical process and presents unique chemical composition and flavor. The components among different teas also cause significant changes in their biological activities both in vitro and in vivo. In the present review, the progress of tea chemistry and the effects of individual unit operation on components were comprehensively described. The health benefits of tea were also reviewed based on the human epidemiological and clinical studies. Although there have been multiple studies about the tea chemistry and biological activities, most of existing results are related to tea polyphenols, especially (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate. Other compounds, including the novel compounds, as well as isomers of amino acids and catechins, have not been explored in depth.

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“…After the solar-withering processing, the oolong tea products have the floral and fruity aroma. However, after indoor withering, the oolong tea products has the characteristics of calm and dull aroma [33]. Combined with the expression levels of lncRNAs and their target genes related to terpenoid metabolism, high contents of terpenoids may beneficial for the formation of high quality aroma in SW than in IW.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…And it also showed that solar-withering is an important processing of oolong tea production. Moreover, solar-withering has positive regulation effect on floral and fruity aromas in tea, and can obviously improve aroma quality index of oolong tea [32,33]. During the solar-withering processing, the fresh tea leaves gradually shrink and soften due to spontaneous and slow dehydration, and the tea flavor compounds undergo biochemical changes, which may be a factor that benefits the unique mellow and thick taste of oolong tea.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome and phytochemical analyses provide new insights into long non-coding RNAs and characteristic secondary metabolites of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) in solar-withering

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Oolong tea, a semi-fermented tea, was deeply loved by consumers. Among tea processing, withering is the first indispensable process for improving the unique flavor. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and characteristic secondary metabolites in withering of oolong tea remain unknown. Results Using phytochemical analyses, the total flavonoid, total catechins, EGC, CG, GCG, ECG, and EGCG were all present at significantly lower levels in solar-withered leaves (SW) than in fresh leaves (FL) and indoor-withered leaves (IW). However, terpenoid, JA, and MeJA were present at a higher level in SW than FL and IW. By analyzing the transcriptome data, we obtained a total of 32,036 lncRNAs. On the basis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, flavonoid metabolic pathway, terpenoid metabolic pathway, and JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were the representative pathways in this study. And a total of 63 differentially expressed-lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 23 target genes were identified in the 3 pathways. Analysis of the expression profiles of DE-lncRNAs and their target genes in SW compared with IW, we found that 4 up-regulated genes (FLS, CCR, CAD, and HCT), 7 up-regulated lncRNAs, 4 down-regulated genes (4CL, CHI, F3H, and F3'H), and 3 down-regulated lncRNAs in flavonoid metabolism; 9 up-regulated genes (DXS, CMK, HDS, HDR, AACT, MVK, PMK, GGPPS, and TPS), 3 up-regulated lncRNAs, 6 down-regulated lncRNAs in terpenoid metabolism; 6 up-regulated genes (LOX, AOS, AOC, OPR, ACX, and MFP2), 4 up-regulated lncRNAs, and 3 down-regulated lncRNAs in JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway. Conclusions These results suggested that the expression of DE-lncRNAs and their targets involved in the 3 pathways maybe related to the low content of total flavonoid, total catechins, EGC, CG, GCG, ECG, and EGCG, and high content of terpenoid in SW. Moreover, solar light, high content of JA and MeJA, and the endogenous target mimics (eTMs) regulatory mechanism in SW were also crucial factors in increasing the terpenoid. These findings provide new insights into the view of "Kàn qīng shài qīng" that the solar-withering is more contribute to the high quality flavor of oolong tea compared to the indoor-withering.

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Effects of solar-withering and turn over treatment during indoor-withering on the formation of pouchong tea aroma.

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering

Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering

Chemistry and Biological Activities of Processed Camellia sinensis Teas: A Comprehensive Review

Transcriptome and phytochemical analyses provide new insights into long non-coding RNAs and characteristic secondary metabolites of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) in solar-withering

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